In this paper, we examine the perturbed Absolute value variational inequalities (PAVVI), a new class of variational inequalities. For the (PAVVI), some new merit functions are established. We develop the error bounds for (PAVVI) using these merit functions. The results presented here recapture a number of previously established findings in the relevant fields because (PAVVI) include variational inequalities, the Absolute value complementarity problem, and systems of Absolute value equations as special cases.

The communities of the Kura- Araxes cultural complex with their highly distinctive cultural and economic features represent the occupation of some parts of the Near East and Caucasia during the Bronze Age.  Generally, the origin of this culture is sought in the Southern Caucasus. In Iran, the spread of this cultural tradition represents not only a rupture in the cultural development of the Mesopotamian traditions. Environmental changes linked to Rapid Climate Change (RCC) also forced the population to develop new economic strategies. Until about two decades ago, knowledge of the flourishing Kura Araxes occupation was limited to the north-west of the country and to some parts of the Central Zagros, but recent research in the zones south and north of the Alborz Mountain Range, on the northern edge of the Central Plateau allows by now to present a more detailed picture of the Kura Araxes occupation in both diachronic and synchronic perspective. Recent archaeological excavations in the two sites of Qaleh Tepe and Ali Yourd Tepe revealed some important new data from Kura-Araxes settlements in the corridor of the north Central Plateau and northwestern Iran. The two sites are located in the eastern Zanjan Province in the Abhar Rood Basin. This paper aims to update the chronology of the Kura-Araxes culture based on the radiocarbon dates from the two sites of Qaleh Tepe and Ali Yourd Tepe. The stratigraphy and radiocarbon dates of the two sites reveal the beginning of the Kura-Araxes culture in the region from c. 2900 BCE, followed by a quick extension into the northern Central Plateau, where it is represented by sites such as Shizar, Doranabad, Ostur, and Barlekin. Similarity and diversity characterize the Kura-Araxes cultural complex.  However, based on the current data, the ceramic style represents a common feature, but also the architectural remains indicate a common cultural tradition during the first quarter of the third millennium BCE in the Central Zagros, northwestern Iran, and on the Central Plateau

Introduction: Space is a social and consequently a political thing, and apart from worldview, ideology and discourse, it cannot be formed and developed, and the ideological framework of the formation forms the ruling policies, which are crystallized in the form of governing discourse. Each of the new forms of government and new patterns of political power introduces its own methods for dividing space, discourse, objects, and people living in space, and how it is used to change over time and use space to give economic and political strategies required for the exercise of power and discourse processes. In Iran, in the last hundred years, with the coming to power of Reza Khan in 1925, the central discourse of the Pahlavi government with the supremacy of the Absolute Pahlavi discourse, and by articulating the signs of this discourse with hegemony and domination, represented space and created reasonable spaces. For the first time in history, it emerged as a dominant discourse in the society. Methodology: The present study seeks to provide a dialectical analysis of the process of space production in Tehran by identifying the dominant discourses in the period 1925-1941. Hence, it falls into the category of "fundamental" research. On the other hand, the executive path of research is "analytical-exploratory". Results and Discussion: The most important dominant discourse in Iran in the twentieth century was formed based on the Pahlavi Absolute Discourse of a complex set of diverse disciplines including the theory of Persian monarchy, traditional patrimonialism, the discourse of development and development in the style of Western modernism, legalism and the people. The discourse emphasized authoritarianism, reform from above, modernist rationality, Iranian nationalism, political centralism, cultural modernism, secularism, and industrial development. The absolutist state that emerged in the light of this discourse sought to move Iranian society and economy from a traditional, pre-capitalist formulation, and do major harm to Groups and culture introduced traditional society with its rationalist, authoritarian, and normative character. The purpose and scope of Reza Shahchr('39')s policies were, in practice, cities and urban social classes. On one hand, there were observed development measures and activities to modernize the country in cities, such as the demolition of old neighborhoods and the construction of new streets, and on the other hand, the expansion of government bureaucracy caused a mean for the central government to dominate on peoplechr('39')s daily activities. During these years, the most noticeable changes took place in Tehran. The enactment of the Municipal Law in 1309 provided a suitable vehicle for heavy interventions in the old urban fabric; the law of widening and developing the streets and alleys in 1933, the first echo of Hussman urban planning and as a symbol of modernity were revealed. Two cruciform streets tear apart the old fabric of the city, crucifying the old city and separating the elements of urban spaces. The street is considered as a powerful tool in the city and becomes a dominant element that no element can deal with it compared to previous periods. The discourse of Absolute Pahlavi modernism in the form of spatial representation has created a city with a body, image, face and structure different from Tehranchr('39')s past. In other words, the Pahlavi discourse has represented new spaces through hegemony and domination. Some of the social changes in Tehran in this period that distinguish it from previous periods are social and cultural changes including improving education, building a university, rejecting the hijab, reviving the Persian language by the language of academy, and immigration. Rural and urban population growth, expansion of government offices and the formation of a new administrative class; Economic and infrastructural changes, urban planning and architecture, including Tehran city development plan, implementation of Baladieh law, establishment of Bank Melli Iran, construction of Mehrabad airport, emergence of new urban activities and functions, construction of cruciform streets, squares, bazaar; Political changes include the emergence of a new bureaucracy, the consolidation of central government power, the formation of a modern army, the concentration of state affairs in the capital, the establishment of new urban divisions, relations with European countries, and their role in governance. Totalitarian modernism, in order to achieve its enlightened menus, has to consolidate the bureaucratic system. State cities that are already in a semi-independent relationship with the center can only be the executor of the Cairo government bureaucracy in their new affiliate relationship. Following the Pahlavi bureaucratic approach, the city was given priority both as a physical manifestation of the current thinking of the time and as a platform for the forthcoming developments for organizing. Any urban regulation will inevitably lead to a cessation of organ development. On the other hand, with the seriousness of the issue of private property, the necessity of developing a new urban system became more apparent. Conclusion: The urban plans of the 1930s clearly show how the relationship between the inhabitant and the resident and the relationship between the city and society sought an instrumental relationship, and for this reason, this relationship and through it, development was considered as an external matter and with no worries, they have made a historical break by discarding previous social, economic, and cultural formations. Without worrying that man achieves being through habitation. The result is not only the physical disintegration of the city, but also the disintegration of the socio-cultural organization. Henceforth, the city is the place of crystallization of socio-cultural and physical-spatial distinctions that arise due to the demand for capital and the mercantile circulation of goods and capital, and through the indiscriminate occupation of land as the main element of trade in opposition to biological methods. It even offers its own climatic conditions.

The pun is one of the most important types of rhetorical figures. Two pillars or two conditions for the realization of an Absolute pun include both the same spelling and sound and different meanings. Although the verbal similarity of two homonymic words has been discussed so far, the semantic dissonance of the two words has not yet been taken into account for various reasons. Therefore, it is not yet lucid which of the different meanings of a word is of interest and what the meaning difference is. In the current study, the descriptive- analytical method was used to both investigate the origin of Absolute pun according to the views of past linguists and lecturers and contemporary scholars and determine what kind of meaning is intended in this type of pun in line with the rhetorical heritage of Persian and Arabic...

According to the 15th article of "Islamic consultative assemblies institutions, responsibilitits, and elections" law, the Absolute majority of the audience votes is a bases of credit of the Islomic consultative assemblies decisions, whereas the legislator has not presented any preise ecisions, definition for "Absolute majority" in this law. In the famous persian lexicons and the dictionaries of law, "half (of total number of audiences votes) plus one" has been presented, in a full agreements,as the definition of the Absolute majority, whereas in some of the laws, this majority has beem interpreted as "more than half of the total number of audiences votes". The paralles of these definitions, without alluding to the term of "Absolute majority", have been mentioned in the commercial Reform Bill, which is ratified in 1347. But, none of these definitions, because of the discrepancy of their description or the legislators silence, obviateel the problm of the consultative assemblies institutions or the associations which were formed with an odd number. Therefore, always there have been disagreement between the members of the consultative assemblies and the executors,in quorum valiadlity. In other words, this question still remains that in the case of the legislators silence about the definitio of the Absolute majority according to his/her lexical definition (half plus one) or when the legislator has defined his majoritY as the same purport (half plus one), what is the whole number and which the decimal number (which is caused by applying the mentioned definition) must berounded? The next highest or lowest whole number? While crtitcizing the notions of propotrional and special majority,this article has proceeded to analyze the effects and the results which have been caused by each of the two definitions of the Absolute majority, among the groups and the consultative assemblies which are form ed with odd or even number. Finally it has inferred that the Absolute majority has only one definition and it is nothing except: "more than half of the total number of audience.

To perform an effective experimental implementation in a zero-power reactor or more generally, critical assemblies, it is necessary to measure the total neutron flux to calibrate the reactor power. The 4π β-γ coincidence method via the activation of gold foil is a well known standard method for Absolute neutron flux measurements. The Absolute neutron flux is obtained by measuring the Absolute activity of the irradiated gold foil, ranged in 10 2 4-10 Bq. In this method, the gold foil is irradiated at the desired position. The beta, gamma, and the coincidence rates are by using the 4π β-γ coincidence system, and the Absolute activity of gold foil is then obtained. The β-γ rays emitted from the irradiated gold foil are recorded in a concise period of tim (of the order 10-8 seconds). The advantage of this method is that the efficiency of either detector is directly dependent on the counting rates. Changing the beta detector efficiency due to the high voltage change and then measuring the beta, gamma, and coincidence counting rates, the plot of beta counting rates against the beta detector efficiencies can be introduced. By extrapolating the efficiencies to a unit value, the Absolute activity of the gold foil can be obtained.

Freedom in Hegel is defined in terms of the determining power of subjectivity, i.e. by the rule “to be with oneself in the other”. Free is the one who moves in his thoughts and actions completely in accordance with the Absolute thinking that has been freed from its finitude, meaning that it has become identical with being. Freedom presupposes the elevation to the “Absolute” standpoint and conforming to it. Thus, it is tied to the concept of identity. Free is someone who lives (thinks and acts) in accordance with the “Absolute” subjectivity. Therefore, the individual is not free as far as he/she is an individual, but only to the extent that he/she is a universal individual (Absolute subjectivity). Schelling calls this position on the “Absolute” simply “negative”, for it defines the “Absolute” as identity-in-difference of thinking and being in accordance with Absolute subjectivity or thinking. Being, what Schelling calls the positive, is supposed to be explained away according to thinking, the negative, which means that contingency should be included under necessity.Schelling, on the other hand, emphasizes that contingency takes precedence over necessity, just as Kant’s freedom takes precedence over cognitive thinking. Therefore, in Schelling, thinking sould be based on freedom. Furthermore, heunderstands freedom in relation to the divine. In this article, we will first explain the development of the Hegelian “Absolute” in connection with its history in German idealism; Then we will unpack its implications for freedom. After that, we will point out Schelling’s criticism of the Hegelian “Absolute”, and finally give a perspective of a non-Hegelian model for freedom.

This paper deals with some results concerning the 4-dimensional Absolute valued algebras with left omnipresent unit‎. ‎We also construct‎, ‎by algebraic methods some new models of 4-dimensional Absolute valued algebras with left omnipresent unit‎. ‎These new algebras contain at least one 2-dimensional sub-algebra‎, ‎and aren't isomorphic to $\mathbb{H}$ ( The quaternion algebra).