Introduction: Dialysis Adequacy is a predictive factor for mortality and hemodialysis outcomes. Objectives: Given the limited knowledge regarding dialysis Adequacy, we sought to investigate the perceptions and experiences of patients as to subjective dialysis Adequacy. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was carried out using the conventional content analysis method. We enrolled 25 hemodialysis patients, their companions, nurses, and nephrologists residing in Mashhad, Iran. We selected the participants through purposive sampling. To collect the data, we used semi-structured interviews and recording field notes until reaching data saturation. The data was analyzed by using Hsieh and Shannon qualitative content analysis approach. Results: From the experiences of the patients regarding dialysis Adequacy, five categories of inner wholeness, well-being, positive social interaction, effective self-empowerment and improvement of economic conditions were extracted. Conclusion: The obtained results can play a key role in implementation of effective interventions for models of hemodialysis clinical function to lower the rate of mortality and promote quality of life among dialysis patients.

In this paper we have tried to examine a number of criteria of Adequacy for grammars (and for the linguistic theories associated with them). We have argued that grammars should attain not only observational, but also descriptive Adequacy; and we went on to argue that linguistic theories must attain the higher level of explanatory Adequacy. In order to achieve this goal, the linguistic theory must be universally valid, psychologically real and maximally constrained. In section 2 we have argued that only maximally constrained theory of language can lead to the development of an adequate theory of language acquisition. We have discussed the innateness hypothesis and have argued that U.G. is a theory of the initial state of the language faculty prior to any language experience; and the goal of linguistic description is to postulate general traits and tendencies in all languages on the basis of studies on grammars of individual languages. In section 3 we have discussed The Theory of Markedness and The Theory of Core Grammar, suggesting that U.G. corresponds to the genetically determined biological foundations of language acquisition. We have argued that the concept of Universal Grammar is based on the assumption of an unmarked Core Grammar. Through actualization of the rules and constraints in individual languages, the specific grammar is developed on the basis of U.G.

Three main criteria were presented for the Adequacy of the p4c stories: philosophical Adequacy, psychological Adequacy and literary Adequacy. In this paper, the aim was to show that what philosophical Adequacy is and by what characters can it be realized from the p4c program founders' point of view? The philosophical Adequacy was studied from two aspects in this paper: in form and in content. Raw fictional materials and themes as story content was investigated in the first part of paper and the second part was dealt with the rules that formally make the stories philosophical in the p4c meaning of philosophy. The research methodology is descriptive - analytical. The results of this study indicated that considering some characteristics related these two kinds of Adequacy we can make the stories philosophical in p4c meaning. These characteristics include: questionable and controversial philosophical themes and topics related to children's lives and to the philosophical problems in one hand, and reconstruction of Philosophical Inquiry process, simulation modeling some processes such as cognitive processes and modeling logical-philosophical process including inquiry and discovery presses as well as cognitive processes.

In this paper it is tried to explain that capital Adequacy in an Islamic banking system is different from what is applied in conventional banking. We come to this conclusion after studying the capital Adequacy as a criterion, designed by Basel committee as an international supervisory board, showing the soundness of banks' capital structure. We also take into consideration the special nature of Islamic banking as a new system in banking industry. The asset risk and as a consequent, capital Adequacy is supposed to change in Islamic banking where Islamic contracts are based on profit-loss sharing in contrast with conventional banking. The paper starts with a literature review on capital Adequacy, distinguishing features of Islamic banking and its general principles. Capital Adequacy is compared in the two mentioned systems using the results of a study made by Islamic Development Bank on Islamic contracts risks. It is finally concluded that a new statement for capital Adequacy in an Islamic banking is necessary while it has its own special nature and different mechanism.

Introduction: Nostalgia as one of the complex emotion that discussed conceptual challenges on entity and functions of in nineteen and twenty century. Beside assessment of nostalgia is important.Aim: our objective of this research, preparation of necessary preliminary work to using Batcho’s nostalgia inventory (1995) for psychological research in Iran.Method: in this cross sectional study, 201 graduate and Ph.D. student were participated. Then, they are respond to nostalgia inventory (NI), check manipulation test (wildschut et al, 2006) and aspiration index (kasser & rayan, 2006).Results: The results showed these factors: “attachment to foretime”, “longing to home”, “tranquility of foretime” and convergent validity and reliability evidences for NI.Conclusion: the result was showed evidences for construct validity, convergent validity and internal consistency of NI, also result was showed gender difference in some of factors.

Background: Dialysis Adequacy is a predictor for mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Previous studies pinpointed several factors as barriers to adequate dialysis. However, there is a scarcity of studies investigating the experiences of patients undergoing hemodialysis and health care providers (e g, dialysis nurses and nephrologists) with regards to high-quality dialysis barriers. The current study aimed at gaining a deeper understanding regarding the experiences of patients undergoing hemodialysis and dialysis professionals about the subjective barriers to hemodialysis Adequacy. Methods: The current study was conducted using the conventional content analysis method; 19 patients undergoing hemodialysis, 2 hemodialysis caregivers, 2 hemodialysis nurses, and 2 nephrologists were included and interviewed. Results: Based on the obtained data, 993 initial codes were extracted under four categories: barrier of self, social support insufficiency, hemodialysis mafia, and supervision weakness. Conclusions: Patients undergoing hemodialysis and health care providers have different experiences compared with what is mentioned in textbooks about barriers to high-quality dialysis. The findings highlight theneed for immediate re-examinationandpreparation of the standards for the quality of hemodialysis, as well as attention and focus on non-physiological barriers to dialysis Adequacy.

Aims: According to ambiguous status of quality of dialysis in Abadan, this study was performed to evaluate the dialysis Adequacy in Abadan hemodialysis center in 2007.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all ESRD patients who have referred to Abadan hemodialysis center in 2007 and had more than 3 months of dialysis history were evaluated. Data was collected by a questionnaire. Then kt/v and URR indices were calculated for hemodalysis Adequacy and PCR for nutritional status. Data analyzed by SPSS 13 software.Results: The mean of kt/v was 0.9±0.21 with the minimum of0.2 and the maximum of 1.27. The mean of URR was 53±10% with the minimum of 14 and the maximum of 70%. In addition, the mean of PCR was 0.79±0.18 with the minimum of 0.35 and the maximum of 1.26. kt/v and URR had no significant relation with age, sex, hemodialysis session per week and filter type. There was no significant relation between kt/v and PCR by pearson correlation coefficient.Conclusion: According to hemodialysis inAdequacy in 97.8% of patients, further evaluation is necessary to determine the causes. Also, according to the importance of correct measurement of dialysis urea level for assessing Adequacy, using the new method of this article by other centers is recommended.