Wrestling has been popular since ancient times and it has been associated with many aspects of Iranian culture. In this regard, wrestling has been a physical ritual, and today it is performed at the national, indigenous, and local levels. This study focuses on the myths behind this ritual movement. It is aimed to explain the myths that have been the reason for the meaning, continuity, and the value of this movement as a ritual in Iranian folk culture throughout history via the analytical method. In ancient culture, a person who fought with the destructive forces of nature became the heroic archetype who created livelihood and security in a society and was respected by the people. This challenge with the antagonist also entered the arena of the enemies of Iran, and wrestling was a symbol of the action of the heroes who fought a duel to protect his land and its values; but what was suggested in Iranian culture was that these heroes, whose actions establish the security and order of the society, first, must clear their background as an antagonist, and voluntarily go into the battle with shadows. In Iranian society, this became a value and moral foundation for the heroic archetype and remained in the collective subconscious of the Iranian society, and in the festivals of folk culture where wrestling is held, all these values are projected on the wrestler character. This forms the kind of social identity and cohesion through which viewers receive love and self-fulfillment.

From the biological point of view, all human beings possess both male and female traits. Yet, it is the social norms that define gender differences, emphasizing femininity and masculinity. As a result, every individual strengthens the characteristics of their normal gender whereas the aspects of the other gender lose prominence and fade away. However, anima, i.e. the feminine inner personality, and animus, i.e. the masculine inner personality, tend to appear in dreams, imaginations, myths, literature and the like. In the present article, two manifestations of animus, i.e. 'the beloved man (the ideal man)' and 'the inner companion' in Persian literature and culture are studied. Using an analytic and descriptive method, it will be shown that one of the manifestations of animus in the unconscious of Iranian woman is rooted in a prototype; it most probably is Mithra.

Archetypes are a set of images, ideal forms and biological and psychological experiences that are manifested in the form of common symbols and themes in myths, religions, rites, mysticism and tales. One of the most important archetypes is "the circle" that has common symbols and functions in mythology and mysticism from way back. The symbols associated with the archetype of circle are as follows: unity and integrity, soul, the self, perfection, glory and power, sanctity and blessing, chance and omen, friendship and intimacy, time and eternity. The functions associated with it are protection and guarding, diversity of two heterogeneous spaces, treatment and mobility, self-knowledge, divine epiphany, representation of the divine science and lordly realities, seven modes of heart. By employing comparative-analytical method, the present article tries to show the most important symbols and functions of the archetype of circle in mythology and mysticism. Also, the attempt is made to show the role of "circle, center and circular movement" in mythological thoughts and religious-mystical beliefs. By this way, the central role of image schema of circle is shown in motifs like manifestation, the process of perfection of the universe, the arc of descent and ascent, creatio continua and the seven sacred and symbolic things.

This research aims to find essential and famous types of archetypes such as anima and animus, heaven and hell, old man, rebirth, resurrection, shadow, passing through water, ideal mother, ascension, and recognize the mask in Attar's sonnets. Since the discussion of archetypes is a new approach in Persian literature, comprehensive research on archetypes in Attar's poetry has not been done. The works in this category are exclusive to the translation of Jung's works and articles about other poets. For this reason, I found it necessary to compare and examine the presented theories, especially the ancient patterns, with Attar's poetry, which has not been researched in this field so far. Archetypes are common concepts from past times that have been imprinted in people's minds and subconscious minds.  Divan-e Ghazaliat of Attar is one of the divans of Persian poetry, which has always attracted the attention of fans of Persian mystical poetry.  By examining and studying his Divan-e Ghazaliat, one can see the influence of the archetype in this valuable literary work.  In this research, based on the views of Carl Gustav Jung, (Swiss psychologist), the poetic world of Attar has been looked at from the perspective of archaism.  This research is organized into five chapters with the topic of "Investigation of Archetypes in Attar's Ghazals."

In the present article, attempts are made to trace the changed manifestations of archetype of motherland in the poems of Hafez. After disintegration of personality of this powerful female archetype, in the beginning it continues to live as goddess, then it is transferred to unconscious, and finally it appears in the mind and language of man through art. The present article tries to answer these questions: may it be said that Hafez belongs to that group of genius poets the historical and geographical gaps could not prevent from appearing archetypes in his poems? Furthermore, regarding to the mythical backgrounds of matriarchy in Iran, how does the archetype of motherland has continued to live in the collective unconscious of Iranians? We believe that the poems of Hafez are the context in which the concept of motherland manifests and finds expression.

Jung believed that all of us have a very dark side in our identity which is called the collective unconscious. After analyzing the collective unconscious, Jung applied the concept of archetypes extensively in his works. The images and dispositions resulting from the recurrent experiences of our ancestors in our unconscious mind as well as the contents of the collective unconscious common among all human being are called archetypes. Archetypes including time, mother representation, anima, animus, shadow, self, re-birth and hero are among the most important contents of the collective unconscious. In Jung psychology, time has a very deep, broad and mysterious meaning…

Carl Gustav Jung, the founder of the analytical psychology, is one of the structuralism psychologists whose most famous term in his theory is called "Archetype". An archetype is an eternal image of inherited ideas in the collective unconscious mind, which is as old as human history. Among the types of archetypes in his theory, Jung considers the "self" to be the most important because it is the central core of personality and leads to an important factor called the "individuation process". Using the analytical descriptive method, this research analyzes the characteristics of the self in four epistles of Suhrawardi called The chant of Gabriel's wing, In the state of childhood, epistle of the birds and Red Intellect. According to the studies, it seems that the "self" in these epistles is a homodiegetic narrator and is represented in the form of a self as a child and a self as a bird, which goes through many ups and downs to reach personal and spiritual excellence and a level of individualization process. Self in Sohrawardi's works invite the audience to a range of elevation and the author in different levels of personality in the individuation of deep construction of the text.

Myth is a means to express the feelings and general demands of every nation whose members follow common patterns. Hamzanama is the story of one of the Iranian-Islamic myths presented in the form of a literary text,it expresses the inner demands of the Islamic society by using Iranian culture with a symbolic language. In this literary text, the archetype of the hero has been manifested in the form of the historical figure of Ḥ, amza ibn Abd al-Muttalib (the uncle of the Prophet of Islam) to reveal the hidden truths of the psyche of the society. Using the foundations of psychology and sociology and regarding the views of mythologists such as Mircea Eliade and Joseph Campbell, and with a historical-comparative approach, the current research tries to reread and analyze Hamzanama in order to gain an understanding of the Islamic society in the 8th century AH. The results of the research show that due to the cultural and climatic diversity of the Islamic society of that period, the internal cohesion of the society is greatly threatened. In order to solve the problem, the unconscious of the Islamic-Iranian society wears the luxurious clothes of Iranian culture on a Semitic hero with an Islamic character to ensure its survival.

Scientific approach to different Phenomena, has opened its way in the modem world. This kind of approach has also entered the world of literature and criticism. The archetypal criticism is a minor branch of psychological criticism and can be a good criterion for analysis of literary texts. The writer of this paper has first introduced the characteristics of one of the most important known archetypes called Mother Archetype. It’s forming process and its influences on human beings are also presented. Then at the end of the article, the writer presents the influences and the different symbols of this archetype in the poetical language of Sohrab Sepehri.

Archetype is one of the fundamental terms in Jung's psychology and is located in the individual and collective unconscious of mankind. One of the main places of the manifestation of human unconscious is art and literature. In the ancient Persian poetry, especially the epic poems Bahmannameh and Farammarznameh, archetypes such as Pir Dana (the old wise) have been reflected for the realization of specific purposes or goals, which have been investigated in the present research by referring to library sources and descriptive-analytical method. This study was done in the field of epic literature using Jung's psychology. For this purpose, the dreams mentioned in these two works were taken into consideration. The archetypal criticism of the mentioned works led to the discovery of the nature, characteristics and role of myths in the poetic worldview of the creators of the work. It can be said that Pir Dana appears in the world of dreams as a vague character (like a bird) to the kings and heroes of the epic poems Bahmannameh and Faramaraznameh and gives the road map to heroes such as Bahman, Rostam, Garshasp, Fereidoun, Key Khosrow and Siavash. Moreover, sometimes Jamasb and Zal in the role of wise old man, in the world of sleep and wakefulness (familiar and obvious character), interpret the dreams of these famous warriors and separate the head from the nose; Therefore, Pir Dana has a familiar and vague identity. Generally, Pir Dana has had merciful, favorable and direct impact on the biases of the action of kings and heroes and had changed the course of the epic.