Path delay fault models are introduced to diagnose failures that cause sequential circuits malfunction and violate timing specifications. For delay faults tests, a pair of test vectors is used for each path to be tested. Diagnosis of failure in Asynchronous circuits is more important since the delay faults can change the function of the circuit. .However, Asynchronous circuits and their faults are yet to be understood. The purpose of this study is to first identify whether the existing paths will accurately measure delays. Furthermore, a new definition for paths is introduced, which leads to a new category of path delay faults. This new category is different from previously proposed categories by suggesting simultaneous evaluation of pair vectors. Finally, the experimental results for SIS benchmark circuits are shown and the fault coverage is calculated for each circuit.

The hand cycle is a good alternative for the handrim wheelchair outdoors. The use of the hand cycle is especially an advantage in covering long distances, because it has a higher efficiency and is less straining compared to the handrim wheelchair. Although hand cycling has become increasingly popular for recreational use, sports and outdoor wheeling over the last decade, today little is known about the cardiopulmonary strain in hand cycling. In general they are no differences in physiological responses between synchronous (Syn) and Asynchronous (Asy) modes of arm crank ergometry. The purpose of this study was to determine whether gross mechanical efficiency and/or cardiopulmonary parameters are different between synchronous and Asynchronous modes of hand cycling. Seven untrained able-bodied male subjects performed two discontinuous submaximal incremental exercise tests on a treadmill using the hand cycle. One test was performed synchronously (cranks in parallel position and both arms moving in the same direction simultaneously) and the other one Asynchronously (with the cranks in alternate position). Submaximal physiological responses (i.e. oxygen uptake (VO2), ventilation (VE), heart rate (HR) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER)) were continuously measured. External power output (PO in W) was calculated from the product of drag force (N) and belt velocity (V in m.s-¹). Energy expenditure (En) was calculated from VO2 and respiratory exchange ratio (RER: ratio between VCO2 and VO2), according to (Garby and Astrup 1987). Gross mechanical efficiency (GME) was defined as the ratio between mean power output and energy expenditure (×100%). In the present study the differences in submaximal physiological responses and gross mechanical efficiency between Syn and Asy hand cycling were compared submaximally at one moderate gear and four different velocities (4, 6, 8, 10km.h-¹ and 0.5_ slope). Over all velocities tested, ANOVA showed a main effect of mode (p<0.05) for VO2, VE, En, HR and GME. For example for the highest velocity tested the data were (Syn vs. Asy, respectively): VO2 (1.04 ± 0.05 vs 1.20 ± 0.06 l.min-1), VE (28.2 ± 1.8 vs 32.3 ± 2.6 l.min-1), En (367 ± 51 vs 423 ± 62 J.s-1) and HR (117 ± 3 vs 124 ± 5 bpm). Thus, synchronous hand cycling was less strenuous and more efficient than Asynchronous hand cycling. The difference in efficiency might be a result of the fact that trunk muscles can help effectively in hand cycle propulsion in the Syn situation. In contrast, during Asy hand cycling extra muscles are activated in trunk and arms for steering and stabilization only.  

Asynchronous methodologies have been considered since early 1950"s. Due to their complex design process and limitations in technology and design automation tools, there has not been enough progress in the application of Asynchronous methods. Recent advances in technology and design tools provides enough grounds to expect a significant role for Asynchronous methods in selected application. These days, the first commercial Asynchronous microprocessors are paving the way for the next generation. This article reviews different Asynchronous methodologies, and elaborates on the successes and hurdles of Asynchronous design methods.

In the seismic response analysis of large structures the effects of differential support excitation should be considered. The differential support excitation may be due to asynchrony in excitation of different supports, caused by the finite speed of traveling earthquake waves and/or due to non-uniformity of these excitations, resulting from a change in the properties of the earthquake waves as they travel. In this paper; due attention is given to the question of non-uniformity of support excitation and its effects on the response of such structures as gravity dams and cluster buildings. Non-uniformity of ground excitation is modeled using a set of simulated acceleration time histories obtained from a representative spatial variability model. Comparative studies on the effects of asynchrony and non-uniformity of supports motion on the structural response show that non-uniformity may, in some cases, amplify the effects of asynchrony and therefore should be considered in the analysis. It is also shown that for cluster buildings and buildings with large floor areas, the effects of differential support excitation could be considerable.