The present paper is concerned with the historical background of Othologia and the different views expressed about it. Othologia has been a significant and influential treatise in the Islamic world so examination of its content and its historical background is considered as necessary for a thorough understanding of philosophy in the Islamic world.This book entered the Islamic world as a major source of Greek philosophy and since then it has caught the attention of the great thinkers of the Islamic world including Kandi, Pharabi, Avicenna Sohravardi, Mirdamad, Mollasadra, Molla Hadi Sabzevari. Othologia has been influential in the Islamic world for at least two of its aspects: (1) It has originated a lot of commentaries, complementary notes and treatises. (2) Its content has had an impact on issues in theology in its general and specific sense and in theological psychology.Othologia has been known to be the work of Aristotle with a commentary by Porphyry, but recent studies show that it is taken from the fourth, fifth and sixth Plotinean Enneads. Today the fact is that the content of Othologia includes Plotinus's views. This paper intends to show that Othologia is a free translation from two sources: Plotinus's and Aristotle's views. Its content is taken from Ploinus and its method from Aristotelian argument compiled for the purpose of teaching philosophy.

Teachership studies and its localization and Islamization are necessary, and on the other hand, pedagogical jurisprudence as a new approach in education research is constantly being produced and developed. The present article tries to focus on one of the branches of pedagogical jurisprudence and discuss the capacity and background of Islamic jurisprudence for the design and establishment of teachership jurisprudence. The present article relying on descriptive and analytical method aims to address the question as to what issues of teachership have been discussed in the jurisprudential tradition and legacy left by early Muslim scholars. After the investigations, it was concluded that topics such as the rule regarding teaching sciences, the Islamic law about hiring someone for teaching, the teacher's liability, and the rules concerning certain teaching methods have been raised in jurisprudence. However, these topics have not been expanded quantitatively and qualitatively when they have been touched upon in chapters, such as rent, Juʿāla, compromise, endowment, zakāt, etc. and it is necessary to try to create and develop "teachership jurisprudence" in addition to identifying the type of issues and designing a system to deal with those issues.

Plato’s Symposium is an unparalleled philosophical-literary masterpiece, which demands a serious approach to rereading it because of its quality of expression, linguistic style, powerful narration and reasoning, and synthesis of mythology and philosophy, as well as dealing with certain important subjects such as love, immortality, and eternal happiness. The present paper aims to explore and elucidate some of the historical, cultural and social backgrounds of Symposium because any negligence in this regard will render the analysis of its content incomplete and inaccurate. In this study, the author initially deals with the tradition of symposium in ancient Greece, its formation, and the cultural changes it underwent over time. Then he investigates Plato’s approach in his other works as to the nature of symposium and his re-evaluation and re-formulation of this concept. This analysis reveals Plato’s extent of loyalty to his own criticisms of this tradition in the dialog of Symposium and provides a model for future symposia. Finally, reference is made to one of the most important themes in symposia, Eros, which plays the main role in symposia and functions as the link connecting other philosophical concepts in this dialog. In this section, while avoiding to delve into Plato’s extensive and accurate discussions regarding Eros in Symposium, the author has tried to describe the cultural and social context of Eros as perceived by Plato.

The foundation of political Participation is everybody's Participation in political decision making which is under review in the ways of spontaneous and motivated political Participation (mobilized). Spontaneous political Participation is the outcome of a high literacy and a strong rooted political culture and awareness which can materialize by economic, social, ideological factors and or historical, structural, cultural and political factors. Political culture is the most important factor determining the structure of power and also the amount of interest or indifference towards political Participation whose scope of studies is focused on the study of the cultural-political system and sociallyacceptable derivation and the attraction of political values and it includes varieties of simplifying political-social acceptance such as family, education, mass media and (political) parties and the compromise of political culture with current values and traditions in the nation.

There are various views about the origin of music in different human societies. Native Americans consider music a divine blessing; Brahma created music as the fifth Veda on earth; Pythagoras’followers regard it to originate from creation, resulting from the movements of the heavens. This view has been accepted by Greek and Islamic scholars and philosophers. It is “the melody of creation” to Attar and “the language of the invisible caller” to Mowlavi.Today the effect of music on suckling babies, animals and plants and on the treatment of the sick has been empirically proved. Music has also been used to cure some diseases. There are many stories of doctors who, in the past, not only cured many illnesses with the help of music but also revived a dead person who had died of heart attack.

New Ghazal with its special features (superficiality and meaning) was begun at the forty decade. Hussein Monzavi and Simin Behbahani were important first beginners. Nowadays in various and new branches for poet's are welcoming. New Ghazal get out from the traditional Persian poetry and Nimayy poems. This article is an attempt to become familiar whit background of the new Ghazal. In this article expressed the outline of the New Ghazal and then examine the background and context has been effect on New Ghazal.

The physiological condition of the female reproductive tract reflects the requirements of the early mammalian embryo. In the human oviduct and uterus, concentrations of carbohydrates differ between ovulation and the time of implantation. Amino acids are involved throughout preimplantation development. Hyaluronan is also present in the reproductive tract and is involved in different processes. It has been shown that culture of embryos in media containing hyaluronan improves cryosurvival, /.e. results in an increased viability after thawing. Overall, embryo requirements differ for the pre- and post-compaction embryo. As a consequence, to meet the needs of human embryos, culture conditions have to be adapted to the developmental stage. Optimized human embryo culture in vitro requires physiological conditions from the moment of oocyte collection until the replacement of the embryo. A new media system, the Gill Series™, has been developed taken into account the changes in embryo physiology and requirements which occur as the embryo develops from the oocyte to the blastocyst stage. Results form different clinics have shown that high pregnancy and implantation rates can be obtained using the Gill Series™. As compared to the previous media (G1.2/G2.2), Gardner et al. (Fertile. Steril., 78 (Suppl. 1), S8, 2001) reported an increased clinical pregnancy rate (from 69.8 % to 78 %) and an increased implantation rate (from 46 % to 53 %), for day 5 embryo transfers with the Gill Series™. Comparing the same culture systems, Balaban et al. (RRM online, 10, 485-491, 2005) reported an increase from 37.8 % to 50.3 % and from 14.5 % to 25.7 % for clinical pregnancy and implantation rate respectively for day 3 embryo transfers. For day 5 transfers the respective rates increased from 51.4 % to 69.4 % and from 29.0 % to 45.1 %. For embryos cultured in the presence of hyaluronan before ryopreservation Balaban et al. also reported increased development in vitro between thawing and replacement (from 26.2 % in G1.2-G2.2 to 58.3 % in Gill) as well as increased clinical implantation (from 7.8 % in G1.2-G2.2 to 15.1 % in Gill). The improvement of the in vitro environment allows performing single embryo transfer with good success rates. A clinical pregnancy rate of 36.9 % and an implantation rate of 32.1 % have been reported in a programme where an average of 1.2 embryos (75 % single embryo transfer) was replaced on day 2. Based on the latest research, the Gill series has been developed to minimize stress to oocytes and embryos and to culture them under physiological conditions. Clinical results obtained by different clinics confirm that large numbers of embryos can develop in vitro and further develop to term after replacement on different days of development.

Although most of the discoveries are the result of hard laboratory work, the history of Medicine is filled with a number of accidents that have led to the discovery of a new concept or technology. The story of discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming (https: //www. nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/medicine/ laureates/1945/fleming‑ bio. html) and light coagulation by Professor Meyer‑ Schwickerath (www. ascrs. org/ honorees/gerd‑ meyer‑ schwickerath‑ md) are shining examples of both accidental observation and hard work. My involvement in the development of intravitreal injection of medication was a consequence of prior laboratory investigations and serendipity...