A novel and smart biopolymer-based hydrogel was synthesized by graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto the salep Backbones. The new superabsorbent hydrogel was synthesized via simultaneous crosslinking and graft copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) monomer onto salep Backbones using radiochemical methods. In radiochemical methods, g-rays as initiator, energy source and crosslinker are applied. In our experiments, the effects of reaction variables such as relative contents of salep and AA, as well as g-rays total dose were examined. According to water absorbency of the entitled network, the best synthesis condition is reported. FTIR spectroscopy, SEM photograph and TGA analysis were used for confirming the structure of the final product and a mechanism for superabsorbent hydrogel formation is also suggested. Furthermore, in this research, several factors affecting the swelling behavior of hydrogel including pH of medium, sensitivity to the salt solution and mixture of solvents were studied.

Due to the increasing complexities and the reduction of the planning and policy making management power, some important issues related to the development and management of tourism planning are decentralization, self_management and region _centered. As we have observed during last years a lot of researches have been conducted in this context and a mutual relationship have been emerged between three variables of policy science, planning management and policy making to plan the development. Howerver there are two methods for tourism planning's management and development: the first one is governmental in which the central government is responsible for all the affairs. In fact the system is being planned and managed in a centralized form. The second method is called administration in which the local planning and management is divided into 4 Backbones of the administration e. i municipality, local councils, people _baced organizations and the private sector. Each backbone provides sources for development and management. This article tries to answer the question that how the Backbones of the local government can form the tourism management and development by providing the required resources and potential and accelerate the planning and policy making trend? Indeed the Backbones accelerate the trend of the management and development by their common relationship and by providing some resources, thus municipalities provide technical facilities and resources, local councils are the sources of civil society (including sociocultural properties), private sector supplies managerial sources and efficient exploitation methodsand people _basedorganizations are organizations arise from people that are the sources of citizens enabling for local responsibilities. Accordingly the present research collecting the necessary data describes, analyzes and infer data to characterize the rate of research variable effects. Also it has been tried to exploit valuable works related to the topic.

Two types of rod-coil block copolymers including poly(3-hexylthiophene)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (P3HTb-PEG) and PEG-block-polyaniline (PANI) were synthesized using Grignard metathesis polymerization, Suzuki coupling, and interfacial polymerization. Afterward, two types of single crystals were grown by selfseeding methodology to investigate the coily and rod blocks in grafted brushes and ordered crystalline configurations. The conductive P3HT fibrillar single crystals covered by the dielectric coily PEG oligomers were grown from toluene, xylene, and anisole, and characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and grazing wide angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS). Longer P3HT Backbones resulted in folding, whereas shorter ones had a high tendency towards backbone lamination. The effective factors on folding of long P3HT Backbones in the single crystal structures were the solvent quality and crystallization temperature. Better solvents due to decelerating the growth condition led to a higher number of foldings. Via increasing the crystallization temperature, the system decreased the folding number to maintain its stability. Poorer solvents also reflected a higher stacking in hexyl side chain and π-π stacking directions. The dielectric lamellar PEG single crystals sandwiched between the PANI nanorods were grown from amyl acetate, and analyzed using the interface distribution function (IDF) of SAXS and AFM. The molecular weights of PANI and PEG blocks and crystallization temperature were focused while studying the grown single crystals.

The electronic structure of GC and AT stacked dinucleotides, in two different forms of DNA (B and Z) is studied, using density functional theory. B3PW91 basis functional with 6-31G** basis set is applied to investigate molecular orbital distributions and energy levels of stacked dinucleotides in B-DNA and Z-DNA. It is demonstrated that the distribution of molecular orbitals in GC dinucleotide, in B form of DNA, is different from those in Z form. While HOMO in B-DNA is localized on guanine base, in Z-DNA, it is dragged away from the base and spreads over DNA backbone as well. Moreover, the energy levels of orbitals are also different. For AT stacked dinucleotide, it is shown that HOMO in B-DNA is localized on phosphate-sugar backbone whereas in Z-DNA it is localized on thymine base. It is also noted that energy levels of molecular orbitals being localized on DNA backbone, are 0.8 eV less than that of HOMO energy level, indicating the active participation of phosphate-sugar backbone of B- and Z-DNA in chemical reactions.

Intrinsically conductive polymers (ICPs) are the polymers with structures including conjugated double bonds in their Backbones which have low electrical conductivity naturally. Electrical conductivity of these materials that in some cases are comparatively with conductivity of metals could be raised significantly with the assistance of special reagents. Doped polyacetylenes are the polymers with proper electrical conductivity, but their commercialization due to relatively difficult processing and intrinsically instability is encounter with various problems. Polyurethanes are one of the best modifiers to ICPs features because of their excellent mechanical, physical and chemical properties. This can be obtained through common blending with conductive polymer or to introduce polyacetylene structure in to polyurethane backbone by chemical modification.

Transferring patients under critical conditions such as heart attack, stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and head and Backbones injuries is very important, specially transportation on sea because of high level of vibration of ship due to the sea waves is very critical. Many injured persons who work on ships or offshore platform with specialist hospitals are under critical dangers of their life because of their transportation with sea vehicles. In this paper a dynamic analysis is presented to investigate the effect of sea wave on the peak acceleration of critically seek persons during transporting them on a sea. With this information equipments can be designed and installed to transfer patients safer and healthier on sea.