The increased use of thermal power plants has led to the spread of greenhouse gases in the air and has caused psychological problems for humans. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to measure the pollutants released by Sahand Bonab thermal power plant and to investigate the effects of this pollution on the psychological and psychological pressure of rural residents. The GWP100 method was used to measure the pollutants of the power plant and to measure the mental and emotional pressures of the citizens, a questionnaire was used to assess the psychological stress of Markham. The statistical population of this study is 10254 people over 15 years of age in 7 villages located in the greenhouse of the power plant. Using formulas and simple random sampling, 375 subjects were selected as sample size. The results showed that the most pollutants released are CO2 and NOx, which is 4.17 times the warm seasons in the seasons. Also, analysis of the results by using a Pearson test showed that six variables including neurological and disturbing variables p=0.272, stress and psychological stress p=0.325, feeling of energy decrease, p=0.287, feeling of despair and disappointment in life p=0.142, feeling Depression in life of p=0.211 and change in behavior patterns in everyday life p=0.269 had the most effect on air pollution. Also, mental and psychological stress in nearby villages was higher than in remote villages, more women than young men than older men and elderly people. The results of multivariate regression and path analysis showed that in general, the air pollution caused by the power plant has the ability to explain R2=37.42 percent of the changes related to the psychological and psychological pressure of the villagers. Finally, it can be said that thermal power plants have negative mental and psychological effects according to type of activity, type of age and gender of the villagers, which should be considered in the studies of the construction of power plants.

Informal settlement is formed upon effect of economic-political unequal relationship in world level, national programs weakness in medium level and municipal planning in small level. This phenomena have provided emergence, creation and development of contrast and opposition in cities soul and frame and have questioned justly allocation of resources and services for social justice with creation of biological awkward conditions and imposing of uncoordinated areas with development descending indices, simultaneously. It has challenged civil life for reaching desired and permanent development. With due attention to civil designing and planning is subordinate to comprehensive recognition and knowledge of containing chief applied and scientific from civil system. Studying city subsystems and above-system with relativities approach in time and place dimension, for that reason, informal settlement types and area recognition is necessary according to instruments type's chief economical social cultural infrastructural indices and fruition. In this research, this important have been done by hierarchical and Morris techniques. Therefore the rate of development zones and city were determined with an emphasis on economic indicators, physical, infrastructural, social. Research findings show that full and obvious rupture exists between different districts and areas of Bonab city in chief economic and social indices and fruition and it has witness resource and service unjustly distribution in districts level. Zoning of informal settlements was done according to the rate of zone's underdevelopment in the Bonab, By Rely on the results of Morris and hierarchical model development. Finally, based on zoning and knowledge gained from research studies, proposals and prioritize community based urban planning was presented in informal and problematic neighborhoods.

The aim of this study is to assess the hydrochemical characteristics of the groundwater system of Maragheh-Bonab plain aquifer, its contamination and effective factors on it. For this purpose, graphical methods and also water quality index (WQI) are used. The study area contains three major groundwater types, namely Ca–Mg–HCO3, Na–Cl, and non-dominant water types based on Piper diagram. Considering the water quality index, there is an evolutionary trend in the water resources in the study area, such that the mixing process of the excellent and poor classes’ waters has caused degradation of water quality from recharge to discharge areas. However, there are some areas in the south of the plain with poor WQI which are affected by polluted wastewater. Industrial factories are located in the recharge area, and in this research, the effect of industrial wastewater on the quality of groundwater has been considered. The electric conductivity of wastewater is very high and based on hydrochemical analysis; the most important ions in wastewater are Cl-, Ca2+, and Na+, respectively. The concentration of these ions has unusually increased in samples taken from wells located near the wastewater site. Noting the stiff diagrams for several successive years, hydrochemical properties of these samples are the same as industrial wastewaters and the chemical anomalies created in the plain are resulted from wastewater recharge into groundwater resources. Furthermore, the main factors were determined that affect hydrochemistry of water resources in the study area using multivariate statistical analysis and Factor Analysis. Therefore, the most effective factor in hydrochemistry of the study area is the pollutant industrial wastewater that overshadowed the influence of geological formations and general sequence of groundwater hydrochemistry.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are causes of death in many industrialized countries. This disease is among the most common, serious and deadly diseases in Iran.Objective: This study was performed to determine some of the behavioral risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases in Bonab city staffs.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. Research population consisted of all city employees. Cluster sampling method was used and the inclusion criteria were performed. Data of total of 241eligible employees selected were collected by questionnaire which validity and reliability of it was confirmed through content validity and Alpha Cronbach. The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square, t with independent samples) in SPSS software.Results: The results showed that 65.2% of samples weren’t compliant with specific nutritional principles and the type of oil of consumption was saturated in 70% of samples, 47.1% and 11% of the samples respectively were overweight and obese, 19.5% smokers, 6.2% regularly use bubble and 49.5% had contact with environmental tobacco smoke. 43.8% were not screened for diabetes and hyperlipidemia, and 54.8% of them didn’t exercise. Chi-square test showed significant difference between the sexes in the variables of smoking (P=0.006), athletic activities (P=0.001) and adherence to principles of specific nutrition (P=0.006).Conclusion: In attention to study findings on possible decreasing risk factors and low sensitivity of samples regarding healthy life styles and screening for diabetes and hyperlipidemia, programmed education is necessary to lower risk factors, Change knowledge and attitude of people on self health and ultimately correcting life styles.

The aim of this study is investigation of the swelling potential of the Bonab city’ s soils and created the empirical relations between physicochemical properties of the clayey soils of Bonab with the swelling potential. The studied area is located about 130 km southwest of Tabriz in northwest of Iran. Geologically Bonab is covered by the Quaternary alluvials and recent soils which mostly is fine-grained contains different amounts of clay minerals where causes several events like swelling. In order to assessment of the swelling potential and characteristics of Bonab soils and establish relationships between these properties, the extensive field study especially on the agricultural fields (Bonab is the agricultural-based city), sampling and laboratory tests (classified in physical, chemical and mechanical) are conducted. For the reducing the investigation’ s errors, the 20 different location is selected and sampling is taken as representative. The results of laboratory tests are classified based on United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) classification which indicated the most of Bonab soils are clay, clay loam and silty clay with the sandy clay and salt. Also, according to the swelling potential indirect assessment, these soils are located in medium to high swellability.

Background: Nutritional knowledge is one way to achieve proper and balanced nutrition in whole life. Since infants are vulnerable groups of community, nutrition in this period plays significant role in health status during adulthood. As mothers get most of their information from health centers and the knowledge of the staff in health centers on complementary feeding is necessary for proper education, in this study, nutritional knowledge of health care staff was investigated in Ajabshir and Bonab city.Methods: In this study, sixty staff randomly selected from health care centers in Ajabshir and Bonab cities. In order to assess the knowledge on complementary feeding, staff completed a questionnaire containing 22 questions. For evaluation, the questionnaire was adjusted based on 20 scores and subjects was divided into three groups with poor, average and good knowledge based on the scores on the questionnaire. SPSS software program was applied for data analyzing.Results: The results showed that in Ajabshir city, 27% of staff had good knowledge on complementary feeding, 60% had moderate knowledge and awareness of 13% was poor. In Bonab city, 33.3% of staff had good knowledge on complementary feeding, 63% had moderate knowledge and awareness of 3.3% was poor.Conclusions: According to the results, the knowledge of most health care staff was not proper on complementary feeding. Given the importance of complementary feeding and the need for proper education to mothers, and since a significant percentage of the staff did not have adequate knowledge of complementary feeding, training courses for health care workers is essential in this regard.

As one of the most dangerous forms of the urban wastes, sanitary and hospital wastes can threaten seriously citizens’ health if they are ill-managed. Optimal positioning of disposable sanitary/hospital wastes is a most significant stage in disposal management of such dangerous wastes. Taking advantage of effective factors in positioning optimal sites for disposing the sanitary/hospital wastes, this study has tried to locate the optimal sites and areas in Bonab Township for disposing the wastes using quantitative models. A descriptive-analytical method was used to materialize our functional-developmental objectives in this study. Network analysis models pragmatics and Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) were used to locate optimal and proper spaces for disposing the wastes. 12 factors were considered to develop spatial layers. A fuzzy logic was used for measurements and different fuzzy operators were used in the spatial layers overlapping process. The results indicate that the existing site for hospital waste disposal in Bonab Township will not meet the increasing needs of the city whose population is growing in future. Finally, the optimal site was selected out of five spatial areas introduced by the mixed models using both spatial assessment and measurements. The site is supposed to be used for managing the hospital/sanitary wastes disposal in this township.

Urbanization is one of the basic challenges that the world society is facing in the 21st century. Nowadays, the irregular growth pattern of cities and irregular urban development have destructive effects on cities and their surrounding environment. In the meantime, the city of Bonab is not an exception to this rule. In this descriptive-analytical research with applied purpose, using the fuzzy method and remote sensing, the physical expansion and growth of Bonab city has been evaluated. In order to analyze the effective factors in the pattern of development and physical growth of the studied area, first, 10 related and main criteria including: slope, direction of slope, height, type of vegetation, distance from faults, distance from waterways, distance from communication network, distance from rivers, distance from rural settlements and distance from susceptible lands were referenced using the geographic information system were placed in the numerical range of zero to one. Then, the specified layers were fuzzy and membered by different functions, and lastly, the final map was prepared using fuzzy criteria and fuzzy gamma. In relation to the modified fuzzy gamma model, values ​​of 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 have been used to identify potential areas for the physical expansion of Bonab city. The analysis and evaluation of the accuracy of the model was done based on gamma layers and a number of raster layers, as a result the gamma 0.9 was introduced as the final layer of land suitability for the future expansion. Based on the final map obtained, it can be said that the favorable areas for the future expansion of Bonab city are mostly located in the north and northwest areas.

This study is present the comprehensive work on groundwater quality estimation for Bonab Plain located in East-Azerbaijan, northwest of Iran. In this regard, experimental procedure concluded electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and united states salinity laboratory diagram (USSL) to provide the empirical classification of groundwater quality in the Bonab region. In experimental stage, the 25 sample of the Bonab Plain groundwater was taken and conducted the laboratory tests to preparing USSL requirements then in classification stage, used the USSL diagram to preparing the irrigation waters classes as well as qualities. As results it has been determined that the water samples of Bonab plain is in located on C2S1 and C3S1 classes based on USSL classification which is indicated the low to moderate salinity.

Tomato is an important economic crop with nutritional and scientific value for study. Due to its agronomic importance and the sensitivity to biotic and abiotic stresses, using new methods in breeding this crop is necessary. In this study, the effects of some factors, such as pre-cultivation time (1, 2, 3 and 4 days), Agrobacterium concentration (OD600nm = 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1), inoculation time (5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes), Acetosyringone concentration (0, 100, 150, and 200 μM), co-cultivation period (1, 2, 3 and 4 days) and different concentrations of the kanamycin (5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/l) on the transformation of a local cultivar of tomato called Bonab, were evaluated. The maximum transformation efficiency was obtained at the OD600= 0.6. Also, the highest transgenic plants were obtained in the 10 minutes of inoculation and 2 days of co-cultivation. The presence of Acetosyringone had an increasing effect on the tomato transformation, and the highest percentage of transformation was obtained at 150 M of Acetosyringone. Finally, the presence of a Chitinase gene in the probable transgenic plants was confirmed by PCR. The optimal conditions that were obtained in this study can be used to transfer target genes to this tomato cultivar.