In this research cytogenetical and agricultural characteristic of H. tuberosus and H. annuus including chromosomal morphology‚ shape‚ size‚ number of satellite chromosomes were studied. In caryotypic analysis of H. tuberosus it showed that this species with genome formula of 2n = 6x = 102 is a hexaploid. In this species the average length of haploid chromosome set was 230.415±3.311 (m). The biggest chromosome with the length of 5.767±0.019 (m) and relative length of 2.503±0.008 % was determined as sub acrocentric. The smallest chromosome was metacentric with the length of 3.48±0.032 (m). Out of 51 pairs of chromosomes 34 were identified as metacentric‚ 14 Pairs sub metacentric and 3 pairs sub acrocentric. Among them 3 pairs of satellite chromosomes were observed. The biggest arm ratio index was obtained for chromosome number of 33‚ 3.265±0.327 (m). The caryotypic analysis of H. annuus showed that it was a diploid species 2n = 2x = 34. Average length of haploid chromosome set was 75.682±2.995 (m). The chromosome number 1 had the biggest length 6.033±0.341 (m) with the relative length of 7.939±0.285 % and was metacentric. The smallest chromosome was sub metacentric with the length of 3.563±0.208 (m). Out of 17 pairs of chromosomes‚ 11 pairs were metacentric‚ 2 pairs sub metacentric and 4 pairs were sub acrocentric. Among them 2 pairs of satellite were observed. In the study of arm ratio index‚ the biggest arm ratio index was obtained for chromosome 15‚ 5.634±0.544 and was sub acrocentric. The caryotypic analysis of these two species showed that there were some differences in the chromosomes morphology‚ number and kind of metacentric‚ sub metacentric and sub acrocentric‚ number of satellite‚ arm ratio index and chromosomal formula.

Exploration of ploid levels of citrus plants in the north of Iran which some of them have special characteristics, could be profitable in improvement of qualified and fertile citrus cultivars. In this case, six natural hybrids were selected from native citrus hybrids of kotar 10 in Mazandaran related to the center of citrus plants researches of country in Ramsar and were numbered from 7 to 12. These single hybrids have resulted from seeds of a hybrid named kotra 10. Which were studied after the rooting stage. Morphological studies of these hybrids by use of squashing and staining have put them in the same class as Pseudo citrones. The number of chromosomes in all hybrids were determined to be 2n=2x=18. Morphological study of chromosomes in the Pseudo–citron, revealed that they were meta–centric chromosomes with few sub–meta–centric exceptions and relative length of chromosomes varied between 7% to 32% from big to small in all of hybrids. As a result, little differences were detected, in terms of size and morphology of chromosomes. The caryotypical characteristics, considering the homogeneity of the CARYOTYPE and the absence Variations among chromosomes in these CARYOTYPEs the hybrids will probably have been put in the early stages of evolution of phillogeny.

Intruduction: Testicular feminization syndrome is a disorder with the prevalence of 1 in 20000 to 64000 male births. It's characteristics are female phenotype, male CARYOTYPE (64XY) and normal to increased testosterone and LH levels. In this article a case of testicular feminization is reported.Case: The patient was a 16 years-old woman with primary amenorrhea and without secondary sexual characteristics. The patient had normal female external genitalia, absent axillary and pubic hair, immature breast, and repaired bilateral inguinal hernia with pathology report of immature testicular tissue. FSH and LH levels were elevated. Testosteroe level was normal. Sonography and CT scan of pelvis did not show uterus and adnex. Karyotype was 46XY.Conclusion: It is recommended that due to the risk of neoplasia, the existing testes must be removed. Also hormone therapy must be done for the patient.

Background: To evaluate the association of increased fetal nuchal translucency (NT) and adverse pregnancy outcomes.Materials and Methods: In a prospective study, 2221 women who were conceived after Assisted Conception were investigated by sonography independent of multiplicity between 11 and 13 weeks' gestation. We performed 2899 NT examinations during the study period ( 21 March 2010 to 21 March 2013). All cases with an increased NT (>95th percentile for a given crown rump length (CRL)) were referred to amniocentesis and karyotyping, genetic counseling, and fetal echocardiography. Maternal and fetal data (NT, CARYOTYPE, pregnancy outcome) and infant follow-up of fetuses were analyzed.Results: The NT was abnormal in 41 (41.2899=1.14 %) fetuses. The mean age of participant was 32.6±4.72 (24-43years) and the mean duration of infertility was 5.71±4.2. Thirteen fetuses underwent first-trimester fetal reduction for multiplicity. Six out of 28 remained fetuses (24%) detected with abnormal karyotypes either by amniocentesis or fetal pathology. Three cases of Down syndrome and two cases of Turner syndrome confirmed by amniocentesis and one case of triploid chromosomal disorder reported after fetal pathology. Elective terminations of pregnancy due to multiple anomalies occurred in two cases. The loss of fetuses due to intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) occurred in six cases. Overall adverse pregnancy outcomes were reported in 15 cases (53%). It is noteworthy that adverse pregnancy outcomes also occurred for eight fetuses with normal amniocentesis (2.8=25%).Thirteen cases of normal infants were born finally (13.28=47%).Conclusion: First-trimester increased NT thickness is associated with an increased risk of subsequent pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcome.The need for prenatal screening is extra important in the case of assisted conception due to more concern over specific anomalies, multiplicity and poor outcome pregnancies. In cases of increased NT, parents should be offered a detailed fetal evaluation (genetic sonography) at 18-22 weeks of gestation. Triple Test, amniocentesis, fetal echocardiography and follow-up after birth are necessary.In the case of normal follow-up scans fetuses could have a good prognosis for a normal early childhood.