Catastrophe bonds are among the essential instruments in providing a financial hedge for insurance companies and their policyholders. Catastrophic events are rare, and the shortage of data turns using probability theory indefensible. On the other hand, uncertainty theory is a reliable alternative to deal with these kinds of indeterminacies. We model the problem of pricing catastrophe bonds as an uncertain optimization problem where the maximization of the cedent insurance company’s profit is constrained to the uncertain measure of ruin defined for the investors. Consequently, one could provide a tradeoff between being profitable for the ceding company and having reasonable protection for the investors. A solution to the optimization problem will be considered as the spread over the LIBOR, leading to a complete determination of the bond price. The results suggest the practicality of the model, especially the application of uncertainty theory in pricing catastrophe bonds. Finally, the uncertain ruin index is calculated for a real-world problem, and the results are compared with those obtained by probability theory.

In this paper, we first introduce a monotone mapping and its resolvent in general metric spaces.Then, we give two new iterative methods  by combining the resolvent method with Halpern's iterative method and viscosity approximation method for  finding a fixed point of monotone mappings and a solution of variational inequalities. We prove convergence theorems of the proposed iterations  in CAT(0) metric spaces.

Linguatula serrata is a tongue-shaped parasite that infects carnivores or insectivorous reptile as final host and herbivores as intermediate ones. During necropsy of a 1.5-year-old female stray cat, a few white and fine nodules were observed on the diaphragmatic lobes of the lung. In histopathological examination, the nodules contained a turned spinosum parasite with cuticular spines and in parasitological examination of digested suspension; nymph of L. serrata with characteristic features was seen. This is the first confirmed infestation in a cat with nymph of L. serrata in Iran.