Medicinal plants contain active ingredients in one or some of their organs. Squalene is one of the active ingredients that prevent heart attacks and cardiovascular diseases and protect the body from some cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of squalene in a number of medicinal plants. In this experiment, the plant oils were extracted and measured using Bligh & Dyer with minor changes. TLC (thin layer CHROMATOGRAPHY) was used to identify squalene. Comparison of TLC of standard squalene with TLC of the investigated medicinal plant samples showed that Caryophillium aromaticus, Descurainia sophia, Portulaca Oleracea, Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa contained squalene. Although the percentage of Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa seed oil was higher than other medicinal plants, the squalane spot of clove plant had a higher intensity of color and this indicates a higher concentration of squalene in this plant.

Static headspace combined with gas CHROMATOGRAPHY/mass spectrometry is a powerful technique which can be used for separation and identification of volatile organic compounds in complex and different matrices such as soil, water, blood, urine, milk, cheese and especially yogurt. After sample collection, they were analyzed by HS-GC/MS system and the components (acetaldehyde, acetone, butanone and acetic acid) were detected and quantified. The limit of detection (LOD) was 100 ng/kg with selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode at m/z =60 for acetic acid. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was measured at 5.5% for acetic acid.

Fast protein liquid CHROMATOGRAPHY (FPLC) is a form of medium pressure CHROMATOGRAPHY originally developed for purifying proteins with high resolution and reproducibility. Its distinguishing feature is that the stationary phase is composed of small-diameter beads (generally cross-linked agarose) that are packed in glass or plastic columns and have high loading capacity. The FPLC system allows the use of a wide range of aqueous buffers (the mobile phase) and different stationary phases to perform the main CHROMATOGRAPHY modes (ion exchange, gel filtration, affinity and hydrophobic interaction, reverse phase). However, anion exchange and gel filtration CHROMATOGRAPHY are the modes most commonly used.

Multidetector systems have been widely used in GC for many years. Even though the mass spectrometer is still the most popular GC detector in the case of complex samples, a multidetector system can provide all the information needed for the confirmation purposes. This review describes various GC setups for multidetector analysis, and modern systems available on the market. An overview of the application of multidetector systems with various detectors in GC is also enclosed. The most popular system involves parallel detectors and a post-injector or postcolumn effluent splitter.

Background and Aim: Nowadays, drug abuse is a major problem in societies and, detection of drugs in urine is very important. In general, immunoCHROMATOGRAPHY (ICG) and thin-layer CHROMATOGRAPHY (TLC) are routine methods for the detection of drugs in urine. These methods are rapid and economical, but their accuracy rates for detection of drugs at lower concenterations are low (< cut off). Morphine, amphetamine and methamphetamine, are conventional drugs that are widely used. The purpose of this study was to compare immunoCHROMATOGRAPHY, thin layer CHROMATOGRAPHY (TLC) and gas CHROMATOGRAPHY (GC) methods for detection of morphine, amphetamine and methamphetamine in the spiked healthy human urine samples and urine of addicted people. We also compared their detection limits with one another. Materials and Methods: This was an experimental study and included urine samples obtained from healthy and addicted people referring to the laboratory of the 7th of Tir marriage counseling center in East Azerbaijan Province, in June 2016. After collection of urine samples, samples obtained from healthy people were spiked with various concentrations of morphine, amphetamine and methamphetamine. Then, all samples were tested by immunoCHROMATOGRAPHY, TLC and GC methods for the detection of morphine, amphetamine and methamphetamine. Results: Results showed that ICG and TLC methods can not detect lower concentrations (< cut off) of morphine, amphetamine and methamphetamine. While, GC can easily detect them in urine samples, even in lower concentrations (< cut off) and has a high detection limit and accuracy rate. Conclusion: It can be concluded GC method is a powerful and accurate technique for detection of drugs in urine samples.

The basic concept of a sample preparation method is to convert a real matrix into a sample in a format that is suitable for analysis. Some gaseous, liquid, and volatile solid samples are suitable for direct injection to gas CHROMATOGRAPHY instrument. But most samples are not ready to introduce directly into the column of GC. such as removal of serious interferences from the sample, increase of analyte concentration, convert the analyte into a more suitable form to detect and determine, using smaller initial sample sizes and finally achieving higher selectivity. This article discusses various types of analyte extraction, cleanup and concentration. Extraction methods can include classic techniques such as purge and trap, static headspace extraction, and liquid-liquid extraction to newer techniques such as solid phase microextraction, membrane extraction, single drop microextraction and superheated water extraction.