Introduction: The Malocclusion or misalignment of teeth affects not only oral function but also facial esthetics and the psychological well-being of patients. In addition, obsessivecompulsive disorder is a psychological disorder associated with anxiety involving 22. 5% of the population during their life. This study aimed to assess the severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients having CLASS I malocclusion with crowding. Materials & Methods: In this case-control trial, Using the Yale-Brown questionnaire, female patients with 18-22 years old of ages having CLASS I crowding malocclusion and referring to orthodontic department of Azad Dental school enrolled in the trial as the case group (n = 60). The participants with similar malocclusion without reference for orthodontic treatments followed up as the control group (n = 60). The obtained data by Yale-Brown questionnaire CLASSified the obsessive-compulsive disorder in the participants into four groups of mild, fairly mild, moderate and severe levels. The results of the two groups were analyzed using the Chi-square test (p value < 0. 05). Results: In malocclusion patients referring for orthodontic treatments, 19 (31. 7%) had mild OCD; 7 (11. 7%) had fairly mild OCD; 23 (38. 3%) had moderate OCD and 11 (18. 3%) showed severe OCD. These values were 28 (46. 7%); 12 (20. 0%); 15 (25. 0%) and 5 (8. 3%) for malocclusion patients not referring for orthodontic patients respectively. No significant differences were found among 2 groups regarding severity of OCD (p value = 0. 07). Conclusion: In terms of the severity of OCD, there were no significant variations between malocclusion patients with and without referring for orthodontic treatments.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Marginal seal is one of the most important factors for a successful restoration.It is commonly accepted that microleakage can be reduced by utilization of an incremental filling procedure. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different layering techniques on microleakage in direct CLASS II composite restorations.METHODS & MATERIALS: 30 freshly extracted human premulars were used to prepare CLASSll cavities, divided into 3 groups of 10 each (H, O, V).Each cavity was restorated with composite (Z250, 3M, ESPE) using 3 different filling technique.Group H was filled in horizontal /Group O was restorated by an oblique incremental technique and group V by a vertical technique.Then teeth were immersed in Agnitrate 50% byW. And prepared for studing under the steeormicroscope 20×. The result of microleakage was compared among groups by kruskal-wallis test. (Pv>0.05) RESULT: There was no signtificant difference between the vertical and oblique incremental filling comparing with the horizontal technique.

Background and Aim: Unlike other bones of the head and neck, hyoid bone has no bony articulations. It is connected to mandible, cranium and pharynx through muscles and ligaments. During treatment with functional appliance in patients with CLASS II div1 malocclusion, mandible is positioned in inferior and anterior direction. Regarding the relation between hyoid and mandibular bone, alterations of hyoid bone position can be a result of functional appliance therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of hyoid bone position following treatment with Farmand functional appliance in patients with CLASS II div 1 malocclusion.Materials and Methods: In this before-after clinical trial, 28 patients with CLASS II div 1 malocclusion which were under treatment with Farmand functional appliance for 11 months were selected. Facial growth in vertical, normal or horizontal direction was determined by cephalometric measurement. Data were analyzed with Paired-t test to compare the differences of mean values pre and post treatment. Variance analysis was used to compare the three growth patterns. P<0.05 was considered as the limit of significance.Results: Hyoid bone shifted significantly forward in horizontal dimension (P<0.01) and non-significantly upward in vertical dimension. There was no significant difference among the three studied groups with respect to hyoid bone position alterations in horizontal dimension but significant difference was observed between horizontal and vertical growth pattern in vertical dimension (P<0.05). There was significant correlation between decrease of ANB angle and forward movement of hyoid bone. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, treatment with Farmand functional appliance (Fa II) leads to significant alterations in the position and anterior displacement of the hyoid bone.

Purpose: Together with the increase of orthodontic treatment needs the use of functional apparatus has been increased. Furthermore, different studies has been done on skeletal and dental changes after the use of these functional appliances, but few studies discussed soft tissue changes in the field. So, this study was carried out in order to evaluate soft tissue changes following the use of Twin Block functional appliance.Methods & Materials: This study was quazi experimental done on 13 patients (7 girls and 6 boys) with 7 years and 7 months to 12 years and 6 months of age. All patients were Cl II Div.I malocclusion, Iranian, Muslim, resident of Tehran and with no previous orthodontic treatment and tooth extraction. The period of treatment with the apparatus varied between 7 to 17 months. The studied angular variables were nasolabial, nasofacial, facial convexity,H angle, mentocervical, nasomental and mentolabial. The liner variables were lower and upper lip to E line, upper and lower lip thickness, prominence and length, upper and lower face height. All variables were compared before and after the use of Twin Block and recorded in a questionnaire and were analyzed by T - test. Results: The study showed that nasolabial, nasofacial, Lower lip to E line and Upper lip length decreased slightly with the use of apparatus, while facial convexity, H angle, upper lip prominence, upper lip thickness and upper lip to E line decreased significantly. As well as, mentocervical, upper lip thickness, lower lip prominence and soft tissue lower face height increased slightly and nasomental, mentolabial, soft tissue upper face height and lower lip length increased significantly.Conclusion: Following the treatment with Twin Block, the lower face soft tissue moved anteriorly leading to decrease in profile convexity. The upper and lower face soft tissue height increases and their ratio improved. The upper and lower lip thickness reduced, but upper lip length did not change and lower lip length increased after the treatment. The space between upper and lower lip edge to E - line moved to a normal range and labiomental fold became wider.

Background: Based on the studies which have been done till now, resynchronization of ventricular contraction results in clinical improvement in patients who suffer from moderate to severe heart failure with intraventricular conduction disturbance. and using this method is increasing in our country. Study in this filed seems to be necessary.Material and methods: Sixty-five consecutive patients with advanced heart failure, NYHA CLASS III and IV, LV ejection fraction (EF)£35%, QRS³120 were studied before and 3 months after CRT. Mean age was 60, 57 and 8 patients with NYHA CLASS III and IV respectively. All patients received furosemide, spironolactone, carvedilol, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II –receptors blockers at the optimal tolerated dosage. Mean LVEF was 20.83%. Echocardiographic (Tissue Doppler Imaging), ECG and Function CLASS (NYHA) were assessed at baseline before implantation and 3 months after.Result: LV ejection fraction increased +6.8% (21.10±7 vs. 27.93±8.4%, P<0.001). Mitral valve regurgitation severity reduced (P<0.013). Interventricular mechanical delay reduced (53.83ms±18.45 vs. 26.53ms±13.90 P=0.000) and also Intra ventricular mechanical delay reduced (62.53ms±25.08 vs. 45.55ms±13.47, P=0.000). Dilated cardiomyopathic group has more mean changes in LVEF than Ischemic group (+9.06%±7.3 vs. +4.08%±6.5, P=0.01).Conclusion: Biventricular pacing results in significant clinical improvement in patients who have moderate to severe heart failure.

The role of pharyngeal space has been debated on developing respiratory problems and craniofacial deformities for many years. The purpose of this investigation was to find any differences in oropharyngeal dimensions between skeletal CLASS I and CLASS If malocclusions.Eighty patients with CLASS I malocclusion (40 in 9-13 year & 40 in 18-30 year-old age groups) were compared to sixty patients with CLASS Il malocclusion due to mandibular deficiency (30 in 9-13 year & 30 in 18-30 year old age groups). Patients were selected from those who had no respiratory problems, facial asymmetry, aberrant growth pattern, parafunctional habits, TMJ diseases, vestibule-cochlear, visual & hearing disorders, hypertrophy of adenoids or tonsiles, previous orthodontic treatment or maxillofacial surgery.A lateral cephalogram in Natural Head Position was taken from every patient. Skeletal relationships of craniofacial structures and oropharyngeal dimensions were measured together with the soft palate. Hyoid bone and cervical column position Results indicated that:1- There was no difference in oropharyngeal dimensions, soft palate, hyoid hone and cervical vertehral column position between skeletal CLASS I and CLASS If malocclusions in the normal respiratory pattern.2- Oropharynx showed some degree of growth in vrtical dimension during the growth period whereas  its sagittal depth remained mostly stable, except in the upper and lower border al CLASS I malocclusion (PNS-UPW: p<0.01, Spt-PSpt: P<0.03, Va-PVa: P<0.01).The hyoid bone showed down ward move while the posture of cervical column and facial growth had no change. Finally, Soft palate showed a significant increase in length (PNS-U: P<U.OI) at CLASS I malocclusion.