Background: Cryptosporidiosis has been reported in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients from over 40 countries in six continents. Objectives: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in immunocompromised patients by methods of modified acid fast staining, ELISA and Cassette Kit, and to also compare the three methods. Methods: The patients in different age groups admitted to Bitlis state hospital between June 23, 2011 and January 13, 2015 were enrolled. The study group was composed of 300 immunocompromised volunteer patients and the control group of 100 volunteers with normal immune system. In the study group, patients with hemodialysis, chronic renal failure, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and cancer were enrolled. Formalin-ethyl acetate, modified acid fast staining and native-lugol were used for all stool samples; they were also investigated for Cryptosporidium antigens by the ELISA and Cassette Kit. Results: The highest prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium spp. is found to be 11. 3%, which is obtained by ELISA and the lowest (0. 7%) by Cassette Kit in the study group. All patients with cryptosporidiosis had diarrhea. The highest prevalence rate (20%) was observed in patients with diabetes insipidus and the second highest in patients with chronic renal failure (11. 5%) by ELISA. The sensitivities and specificities of Cassette Kit and modified acid fast staining were 5. 9%, 100%; and 50%, 100%, respectively. Conclusions: It is concluded that Cryptosporidium spp. should be considered in immunocompromised diarrheal patients and ELISA must be chosen for detection of this parasite. Modified acid fast staining and Cassette Kit TECHNIQUES could be performed if ELISA is not available. The single use of the Cassette Kit will be inadequate for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Mucosal lesions are in several diseases, such as mucocutaneous disorders. Diagnosis of these lesions is based on background/history, CLINICAL features, and histopathological examination. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between CLINICAL and pathologic diagnoses in mucocutaneous biopsies during a ten-year period. METHODS: Based on the existing data, this descriptive, analytical, and retrospective study was carried out on the archives of the pathology departments of School of Dentistry of Kerman University of Medical Sciences and Afzalipour Therapeutic Training Hospital, Kerman, Iran, during March 2008-March 2018. Data were collected using a checklist including the CLINICAL and histopathologic diagnoses of mucosal skin lesions and patients’,demographic characteristics, and were analyzed in SPSS software. RESULTS: In this study, 650 cases of skin lesions were detected with a conclusive microscopic diagnosis. The lichen planus (LP) with 346 cases (53. 23%) and discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) with 138 cases (23. 23%) were the most common lesions, whereas the least cases were related to psoriasis (0. 03%). Moreover, buccal mucosa was the most frequent location of lesions, and the prevalence of lesions was significantly higher in female patients, compared to male patients. Furthermore, the most conformity between CLINICAL and histopathologic diagnoses was related to LP. In this regard, the Kappa coefficient as the rate of overall conformity with the histopathologic diagnosis was estimated at 0. 542. CONCLUSION: The conformity between the CLINICAL and the histopathologic diagnoses was within the acceptable range. However, it is recommended that the accurate CLINICAL information of patients be completed to make the correct diagnosis.

Background: In recent years, resistant infections and antibiotic resistance in livestock have been increasing, and it seems that these issues will cause more problems in the future. Objectives: This study investigates the association between the pattern of Escherichia coli antibiotic resistance (ECAR) and the identification of the mobilized colistin resistance (mcr-1 gene) among CLINICAL and non-CLINICAL samples. Methods: In this study, 265 samples were collected from CLINICAL (human urine, N = 79) and non-CLINICAL sources (animal feces from poultry and livestock farms, N = 186). All samples were processed, and E. coli bacteria were isolated and identified. The agar dilution method was used to evaluate colistin resistance, and the presence of the mcr-1 gene was characterized among E. coli isolates. Results: Out of 265 samples (CLINICAL and fecal), 37.97% (30/79) of CLINICAL samples and 37.63% (70/186) of animal feces showed growth of E. coli. The highest number of E. coli isolates was found in feces from livestock farms (71.48%; 50/70). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of E. coli isolated from CLINICAL samples showed that the highest resistance (46.66%) was to ciprofloxacin, and the lowest resistance (16.66%) was to colistin. Analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) data also showed that 60% of colistin-resistant isolates from CLINICAL urine samples and 70% from animal feces samples were positive for the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene. Conclusions: The findings indicate that the high frequency of the mcr-1 gene among both CLINICAL and animal-collected isolates may be a significant factor in the development of colistin resistance among circulating E. coli isolates.

BACKGROUND: Some of the oral lesions including malignant tumors of mesenchymal and epithelial origin have same CLINICAL features. Most of them are white or red patches with undermined edge. Also, in some cases, the microscopic view of histopathologic examination is not diagnostic. So, the integration of CLINICAL and pathological information leads to the correct diagnosis. The aim of this study was the evaluation of consistency rate between CLINICAL and histopathological diagnosis of oral malignant tumors of mesenchymal and epithelial origin. METHODS: This cross-sectional retrospective study was performed in four centers of oral pathology of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran, during January to June, 2016. The data were collected using the archived files of patients. Collected data from the files included age, sex, lesion location, lesion type, and first and second CLINICAL and histopathologic diagnosis. Finally, histopathological findings were compared with the first and second CLINICAL diagnosis. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. RESULTS: Ninety-one and seventy-nine of studied files were related to men and women, respectively. Most frequent malignant lesion was related to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (52. 9%), followed by melanoma (29. 4%). The consistency rate of first and second CLINICAL and histopathologic diagnosis was 68. 2% and 15. 2%, respectively. Higher consistency rate was observed in melanoma, SCC, and fibrosarcoma lesions. CONCLUSION: High inconsistency rate between CLINICAL and histopathological diagnosis was found in some cases which may have originated from low diagnostic knowledge of clinicians or their misconception from misdiagnosis. Therefore, the improvement of knowledge and awareness of clinicians by conducting retraining courses is necessary.

Color –blindness is the inability to perceive differences between some color that other people can distinguish. Using a literature search, the results indicate the prevalence of color vision deficiency in the medical profession and its on medical skills. Medical LABORATORY technicians and technologists employees should also screen for color blindness. This research aimed to study color blindness prevalence among Hospitals' CLINICAL Laboratories' Employees and Students in Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). A cross- sectional descriptive and analytical study was conducted among 633 TUMS CLINICAL LABORATORY Sciences' Students and Hospitals' CLINICAL Laboratories' Employees to detect color – blindness problems by Ishihara Test. The tests were first screened with certain pictures, then compared to the Ishihara criteria to be possible color defective were tested further with other plates to determine color – blindness defects. The data was saved using with SPSS software and analyzed by statistical methods. This is the first study to determine the prevalence of color – blindness in CLINICAL LABORATORY Sciences' Students and Employees. 2.4% of TUMS Medical LABORATORY Sciences Students and Hospitals' CLINICAL Laboratories' Employees are color- blind. There is significant correlation between color – blindness and sex and age. But the results showed that there is not significant correlation between color –blindness defect and exposure to chemical agents, type of job, trauma and surgery history, history of familial defect and race. It would be a wide range of difficulties by color blinded students and employees in their practice of LABORATORY diagnosis and TECHNIQUES with a potentially of errors. We suggest color blindness as medical conditions should restrict employment choices for medical LABORATORY technicians and technologist’s job in Iran.