After finishing the collection of language elements which they wanted to restrict to the Arabian Peninsula, after organizing and categorizing them under deliberate subjects which include all the language aspects and finally after fulfilling all those scholastic stages, the syntax scholars found another scholastic stage which they felt obliged to deal with and this stage is ‘cause finding’. They observed that for each form of language and for each issue of the syntax and morphology, there is a cause which facilitates the process of understanding, learning and teaching. They do not insist on the certainty of causes but believed in their probability and uncertainty. It is assumed that the causes mentioned in Sibawayh’s Kitab come from emotions resulting from different speech usages due to diverse meanings and speech conditions. This article intends to explain examples selected from Sibawayh’s Kitab for cause finding of CONNOTATIONs.

Death and desire for immortality are among the man’s ontological questions. Hinduism like other religions, at the given tenets, has managed to remove or relief human distress of immortality. Vedas and Upanishads, in one or other way, have attended and accepted the man’s composite of two dimension and excellence of its spiritual aspect. Bhagavad-Gita too has endorsed immortality of soul explicitly in chapter 2 and implicitly in other chapters by some evidences. Gita by supposing man as immortal soul, refuses reality of death. Impossibility of conversion of real to unreal is the most important ratiocination of Gita in proving illusion of soul’s extinction. Despite of diversity of immortality’s CONNOTATION, Gita by companying it with knowledge (jnana) has given more supreme concept of man’s immortality. Theories of Sankhya and Vedanta, reasoning to prove illusion of death, absoluteness of immortality, Jivan-mukta’s qualities, distinction of para-vidya from apara-vidya, doctrine of Avatara, and the idea of reincarnation are gita’s implicit proofs of immortality of soul by CONNOTATION of “cognizance of own self’s immortality”.

This paper is a survey on the conceptual evolution trend of such terms as "dialogue" and "dialogue among civilizations". The lexical similarities as well as the historical backgrounds of thes~ two terms do not cause the necessities and exigencies that have led to their re-introduction at different social and practical levels to be neglected. Nowadays, dialectic approaches to philosophy, linguistics, sociology, communication and political sciences have gained especial significance and the idea of "dialogue among civilizations", beyond the stressful political and international relations, has been warmly welcomed in cultural and scientific fields. Besides, this idea has the required potential to turn to a sociological theory using the new dialectic approaches. The present paper attempts to describe the components of dialogue and classify the theories in this regard to establish the theoretical foundations of the dialogue among civilizations.

during the last century in the 80s, an outbreak of opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma was reported for the first time in homosexual men [1]. This disease had a fatal outcome and was named as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) due to total loss of CD4+T-lymphocytes. Shortly after it was described, the disease was rampantly found in hemophilic patients, drug addicts using injectable form of illicit drugs, recipients of contaminated blood and infants of affected mothers...

Dans cet article, nous allons d’abord essayer de dresser a grands traits l’historique du terme “CONNOTATION”, l’emploi qui en a ete fait par les logiciens et les linguistes avant Hjelmslev. Ensuite nous allons etudier ce terme dans le domaine de la semiotique, chez Hjemslev, Barthes et Greimas, enfin nous situerons la CONNOTATION dans le domaine de la semantique et, pour une semantique de la CONNOTATION, nous nous sommes referes a la semantique des Points de Vue theorisee par Pierre-Yves Raccah, issue de la theorie de l’”Argumentation dans la Langue”, selon laquelle les mots employes dans les enonces contraignent des points de vue. Nous ferons finalement une synthese des definitions donnees et voir en effet que les notions de point de vue et de CONNOTATION sont liees etroitement. English: CONNOTATION and Point of view: Two Notions Strictly ConnectedIn this article, first an overview of the term "CONNOTATION" is presented as it was used by logicians and linguists before Hjelmslev. Then, this term is examined in the field of semiotics in the works of Hjemslev, Barthes and Greimas, and we go to see that in semiotics, a connotative system can be one of the creative systems of the sense, but it must be completed by other mechanisms. Finally, we shall place the CONNOTATION in the field of semantics by referring to Pierre-Yves Raccah's point of view, stemming from the theory of the "Argumentation in the Language", according to which words used in statements force points of view. We are going to give our definition of this term and we indeed go to see that the notions of point of view and CONNOTATION are strictly connected.Key words: CONNOTATION, semantics, semiotics, point of view, argumentation in the language, topos, topoi

Although Parthian era (248.7 BC-224 AD) is one of the longest periods in history of Iran, due to the limitation of main sources such as literature, archaeological and historical evidences, there are some deficiencies of research in this field especially in Iran. Despite the lack of resources, collections of Parthian coins with special features are available which give unique and valuable information to the researchers of Parthian history. Therefore, the present study will use the knowledge of numismatics and semiotics, in order to introduce and evaluate examples of the earliest Parthian coins until the reign of Mithradates II (88 BC. - 123 BC.).While the process for using three symbols of Archer, Omphalos and Throne will identify, review and interpreted. This research will show that Parthian kings consciously used Greek symbols’ functions, changed these symbols in order to consolidate the indigenous traditions and used the CONNOTATION of these three icons for explaining the legitimacy of Parthian rule.

Creativity and innovation in different languages and literary genres cause the transforming of speech and placing of it in a higher position. Investigation of styles of poets and the characteristic manifestations result in careful cognition of poetry. GHEYSAR AMINPOUR is well known for creativity in his poems. Poetry talent along with university education gave him a power to select words and combine them in such a way to create new combinations. He has a special technique in playing with words especially in pun, allusion, and literary devices. He used allusion devices to create new combination and this innovation can be seen throughout his literary works. The aim of this article is to recognize the new combination of words especially those that are very prominent. For carrying this investigation, five poetry notebooks; namely, AYNEHAI NAGAHAN, GOLHA HAME AFTABGARDANAND, TANAFOS SOBH, DAR KOCHE AFTAB, and DASTORE ZABANE ESHGH have been investigated.

CONNOTATION or the indirect expression has been of crucial significance regarding literary criticism and rhetorical studies and aesthetics; so that, to be thoroughly perceived, needs an intense consideration beyond the lexical levels or verses and sentences, and what should be studied are the structure and the whole context of the work and the minor and the main elements of a work concerning the main constituent context. In this structural study, the narrative element has an important role; and only by applying a minute research on the components of the narrative structure and the correlation of these components with themselves and with the whole text in several aspects like CONNOTATION, an appropriate result could be achieved. Some of these above-mentioned constituent components and elements of the text are considered as lexical and syntactical layers (linguistic field), image: simile, metaphor, and allegory (rhetorical field), and drama (dramatic field) that are engaging in creating implemented meaning.Although the CONNOTATION is observed in different layers in Ferdowsi's poetry, insisting on the vocabulary and semantic layers this study has investigated the connotative meaning of Narges dožam (the sad narcissus) in the introduction of the Rostam and Esfandiar story finally had demonstrated this of eyes, crown, and drunkeness has three implicit meanings and the obtained results illustrate the consistency of the narrative context.

This research deals with the text relations in the Quranic chapter Mu'minun such as lexical relations (appropriateness, omission, and repetition) with an emphasis on primary and secondary meanings. Then the study connects all these relations and makes use of phonemic implications and meanings of the letters in the Quranic verses, particularly the Quranic intervals, and their internal and emotional implications especially in text relations (repetition). Meanwhile, it does not ignore communicative and instrumental functions of language. This is more evident at the Qur'an intervals and in phonemes ending in "alif", "ya", and "waw" according to which these functions take different meanings. For example, the phonemes ending in "fa", "ha", "aa", "wa" in the words "fa'ilun", "hafizun", "warithun", "khaalidun" refer to the continuity, duration, and the time and place comprehensiveness of those attributes and actions. In addition, the phonemes ending in "ya" indicate humbleness and the phonemes ending in "waw" implicate institutionalization and internality. These findings, based on a descriptive- analytical method, are an attempt to show the eternal Qur'anic miracles.

The technical prose of the Kelile ve Dimne and Maghamat-e Hamidi that comprised of implicit and explicit implications indicated a different style of education. Decrypting the CONNOTATIONs of these works revealed that contrary to the researchers' hypothesis that argued about the high number of words comparing to meanings in the sixth century prose texts, more meanings developed because of approaching of these works to poetry and increment of secondary implications of word. By mental movement from a reference to another area, the reader gets new concepts. By educating and implicitly using of mental concepts in the narrative structure, the author of Kelile ve Dimne put more sustainable impact on the reader’s thoughts. Since the analysis of educational works revealed significant functionality due to the implicit and explicit implications, in this research we tried to study the contextual framework of these texts and investigate the statements and verbs to explain the author’s approach in terms of education. This article is derived from a research project that investigated the verb stylistic in six century prose texts and verbs had been assessed in basic and compound forms and also prepositions and then had been considered in the form of propositions because of the direct effect of context on the construction of verbs and creating meanings. Their functionality had also been analyzed with implementation of implicit and explicit meanings in these two works.