Drafts of major primary tillage implements were measured in a clay loam soil using a tension loadcell. Implements consisted of a moldboard, a disk and a Chisel plow each equipped with one tillage unit. A photoelectric speed sensor was used for actual forward speed measurements. During the study, the effects of forward speed and tillage depth on draft requirements were investigated. A general regression equation was developed to predict the specific draft of these implements as based on the Standard ASAE, D497.5. Results of statistical analysis indicated a significant increase in draft for all the three implements with an increase in depth of operation. The values of specific draft for the three tested tillage implements were significantly affected by forward speed. Coefficients of specific draft equations were determined through regression analysis. Specific draft equation coefficients (A, B and C) were obtained as: 256.26, 2.28 and12.11 from moldboard plow; 152.28, 3.79 and 9.66 for disk plow; and 26.9, 12.18 and 0.13 for Chisel plow respectively. High values of R-square (R2) for specific draft equations in the case of each implement showed that the models are able to present a good prediction of the implements' required draft.

Performance optimization of a Chisel tine was investigated by use of a Chisel plow equipped with a rake adjustable in its rake angle. The affecting parameters consisted of soil moistures, namely: 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 of plastic limit (PL), three rake angles of 30, 40 and 50 degrees and speeds of: 3, 5 and 7 km h-1. The assessed parameters included draft, soil disturbance area, soil upheaving area, clod Mean Weight Diameter (MWD), specific draft and soil Cone Index (CI). The statistical design applied was a factorial split block one. To optimize the Chisel plow in terms of six evaluated factors, three regression equations based on multiple regression for three factors of: soil moisture, tine rake angle and travel speed were obtained the for six measured traits. Regression analysis showed that the most appropriate moisture for tillage is 0.71 (PL), the most acceptable rake angle is 34 degrees and the most convenient speed 5.5 km h-1.

This work aims to investigate the effect of water saturation on cutting forces and chipping efficiency by performing a series of small-scale linear cutting tests with a Chisel pick on twelve low- and medium-strength rock samples. The peak and mean cutting force acting on the Chisel pick are measured and recorded under dry and saturated cutting conditions by the strain sensors that are embedded in the dynamometer. Also the amplitude of cutting force fluctuations in dry and saturated cutting conditions is compared by the standard deviation measurement of cutting force data, and its relationship with the size of cutting fragments is investigated. The results obtained show that the peak cutting force is reduced in saturated conditions compared to dry conditions. The mean cutting force in the synthetic sample cutting test is unchanged or in some cases increase, while in the natural samples it decreases. The relative increase in the mean cutting force in synthetic rock specimens is due to the paste state of fine materials produced from saturated cutting and Chisel pick clogging. A strong correlation is found between the standard deviation of cutting force data and the average size of rock debris, indicating that the standard deviation of cutting force data is a useful measure for evaluating the chipping efficiency. The present study's findings reveal that to have an efficient excavation system in field operations, it is necessary to consider the presence of water and saturated conditions in designing the cutting machine's operating parameters and predicting the performance of mechanical excavators.

By installation of rake angle changeable mechanism on single Chisel plow frame, prediction for optimizing performance of Chisel blade had available. The dependent parameters which considered as mainly treatment were three levels for soil moisture content (0. 5 PL, 0. 7 PL, 0. 9 PL), three levels of rake angle (20° , 30° , 40° ) and three levels for forward speed (3, 5, 7 km. h-1) in vs. eight independent parameters include of draft, tractor fuel consumption, driver wheel slip, soil mean weight diameter, cone index, soil disturbance area, soil upheaving area and specific draft had related together in linear multiple regression in three independent equations. The data mining was performed by split split plot in completely randomized. Hence, the best moisture, tine rake angle and forward speed was predicted as 0. 8 PL, 36 degree and 5 km. h-1, respectively. Therefore, the minimum magnitude of slip, soil cone index, minimum draft force and fuel consumption were obtained.

All over the world, farmers choose different implements for tillage, which depend on crop type, soil type, the amount of plant residue from the previous crop, etc. Tillage implement selection is also affected by the availability of implements, power consumption, labor costs, and fund. In this research, the draft force, soil disturbance area, soil cone index, and fuel consumption were considered. The effects of rake angle, forward speed, and soil moisture content on the above-mentioned parameters were investigated. In this research, a comparison between the performance of a Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite blade and a conventional steel blade was carried out. Tests were based on the split-split plot in a completely randomized design. The factors of soil moisture content, rake angle, and forward speed were included in three levels. Three levels for the soil moisture content (9.3, 13, 16.7 %), rake angle (20°, 30°, 40°), and forward speed (3, 5, 7 km.h-1), were considered. The FRP composite blade (on average in the desired range for variables) has reduced the draft force, fuel consumption, and soil cone index, 14.97%, 16.63%, and 35.08%, respectively, than the steel blade. Also, the soil disturbance area created by the FRP composite blade was 4.93% higher than the steel blade. Based on the results of this study, it is clear that the FRP composite blade has better performance rather than the conventional steel blade for the aforementioned test variables. The FRP composite is inexpensive than the steel, this leads to remarkable save money in the production of the FRP composite blade used in the Chisel and combined tillage tools that is economical for the farmer and manufacturer.

Chisel plow is one of the tillage implements utilized to carry out conservation tillage practices; therefore, paying more attention to the force required for its. Operation is of much concern. To achieve this, a theoretical model was developed to estimate draft, specific draft, and drawbar power as required by a Chisel plow. The results obtained from the developed model were compared with the reports of other studies and with the results of field experiments to validate the operation of the developed model. According to the results, the required draft force of a twelve-shank Chisel plow, working at 30 cm depth in sandy, loamy, and clay soils were 27, 43 and 55 kN respectively and the required specific draft of this implement were 3.3, 5.1 and 6.5 N/cm2 respectively. The results were in agreement with the results attained from other studies, well with the results of ASABE standard (2011), therefore; it was concluded that the developed model is of the capability to estimate draft force of a Chisel plow to an acceptable degree.

The purpose followed in the present research was to study and predict fuel consumption rate of tractor due to different aspect ratios for a Chisel plow blade and to determine a general relationship between aspect ratio (D/W) and fuel consumption rate. An ITM-399 (81 kW) tractor and a mounted-type Chisel plow of 9 shanks were employed. Two 5 and 10 cm width Chisel blades were tested. The experiments were conducted in a clay-loam soil when at 9% of d.b moisture content, three levels of tillage depths (10, 15, and 20 cm), and three levels of travel speed (3, 4, and 5 km. h-1) in three replications. Results from F-test at 95% showed that three was no significant difference between the measured vs predicted values as compared with 1:1 line plot. Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) and Mean Bias Error (MBE) indices were made use of to verify the accuracy of the equation. The results validated the precision of the attained equation.

Introduction: This study aims to determine the amount of hand-arm vibration transmitted from heavy electric destruction tools and the effect of using Chisel with different lengths and shapes when demolishing concrete surfaces. Material and Methods: To evaluate the magnitude of hand-arm vibration on the left and right handles of two powerful electric demolition hammers commonly applied in Iranian construction work and urban services, 323 measurements were made (RONIX and NEC). The demolition procedure was carried out by two experienced users on 49 concrete slabs of the same grade (20 C) with thicknesses of 10 and 15 cm while utilizing standard tools, such as hammers with two different Chisel head shapes (flat and point) and lengths (40 and 60 cm). Utilizing two SVANTEK vibration meters concurrently on each hammer handle, measurement and evaluation were according to the ISO 5349: 1, 2 procedures. Results: The mean effective (frequency weighted root mean square) acceleration (awrms) for the Vector Sum Values (VSV) in the hammer handles were 15. 71 m/s. The primary vibrational axis transmitted to the handle of tool was the vertical axis, at 13. 60 m/s 2. When employing flat and point Chisel, the mean awrms were 16. 59 m/s 2, respectively. The difference between the results of 60 and 40 Chisel was a little more than 2m/s 2 and 14. 82 m/s 2. The dominant and harmonic frequencies of the tools were generally in the range of 25 Hz to 80 Hz and 200 Hz to 400 Hz 2 Conclusion: The mean results generally indicated that point Chisel with shorter lengths (40 cm) accelerates at a lower rate than flat Chisel with longer lengths (60 cm). In the frequency range below 40 Hz, the RONIX hammer produced a larger acceleration than the NEC hammer indicating that the NEC hammer had a higher safety competitive advantage compared to the another hammer.

Tillage reduces soil compaction while increasing soil porosity. Cover plants are fast-growing plants with great impacts on the physical and chemical properties of soil. The confined compression curve indicates the relationship between stress and void ratio. This research evaluated the impact of tillage types and cover plants on Gompertz model coefficients. In this research, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design was conducted with three replications in Hamadan province. Experimental factors were tillage at three levels, including conventional tillage, conservation tillage, or minimum tillage and no-tillage systems, with cover plant factor at three levels of Vicia, Lathyrus sativus, and no cover plant. Samples were taken at the end of the growing season. To measure the confined compression curve, intact samples were used at 6, 30, and 1500 kPa. The effect of treatments on the coefficients of the confined compression curve revealed that coefficients, b, and c were reduced in Lathyrus sativus and Vicia, respectively compared to the crop plant due to the higher organic matter content. Also, there was a reduction in the soil compressibility of these plants (Lathyrus sativus and Vicia). The pre-compaction stress in different treatments ranged between 2.46 and 2.58 kPa, with the highest value in Vicia under minimum tillage treatment. In general, the results demonstrated that the use of cover plants and conservation tillage leads to not only a decrease in soil compaction but also an improvement in the physical and mechanical properties of the soil, decreasing soil compressibility.

Conventional tillage operations by either moldboard or disk plow need to be either changed or improved. Two types of combination plows were recently developed to modify the conventional equipment as well as to increase the efficiency. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of the two combination plows as compared to conventional plow on power requirement and on specific draft. The experiments were conducted in a loamy textured soil with moisture content of 16-18% in Karaj region. Treatments consisted of moldboard + Chisel plow combination, and disk + Chisel plow combination vs conventional moldboard plow. Data was statistically analyzed using RCBD in three replications. Draft resistance, furrow cross section area, specific draft and drawbar power were either measured or calculated and then analyzed. The results indicated that draft resistance increased by.16.8%with moldboard + Chisel and decreased 8.9% with disk plow + Chisel as compared to conventional moldboard plow. However specific draft decreased by 29.8% and 10.4% for the combined plows respectively as compared with the conventional plow, this being due to soil disturbed area. Drawbar power for disk plow + Chisel was noted to be maximum (26.2 kW).