In this research, hydroxyapatite composite with two reinforcements alumina and zirconia has been used as a Coating on titanium dental implants for the first time. Two kinds of titanium implants with different percentages of impurities were chosen and after cleaning, they were coated with hydroxyapatite alumina-zirconia sol. The method of Coating was sol-gel that coated implants by dip-Coating and spin-Coating. The use of sol-gel method was for the reason that it is a cheap Coating method and it can coat all samples. By comparing the samples, it was found that in dip-Coating method, cracks are less and the morphology is more homogeneous. Although spin-coated samples were homogeneous too, but they had more cracks. Coating processes were done in three stages and between these stages, in second stage, Coatings were the best in having less cracks and the best homogeneity. It was found that implants with less impurity had more homogeneous Coatings. Increasing aging and calcination temperature of Coatings had a great effect on the quality of Coatings. The aim of this research was to investigate these Coatings for Coating titanium dental implants. Because implantation is an expensive operation, we used cheap raw materials for the Coating of implants.

Antimicrobial packaging is a form of active packaging that could extend the shelf-life of foods and provides microbial safety for consumers. In order to control undesirable microorganisms on food surfaces, volatile and non-volatile antimicrobial agents can be incorporated into polymers. Incorporation of essential oils and other antifungal agents in edible films composition is an antimicrobial packaging that able to inhibit fungal growth on the pistachio and aflatoxins production.The antifungal activity of Sage (Salvia officinalis) extracts against Aspergillus flavus in whey protein concentrate-based Coating on pistachio kernels was investigated.The antifungal effect of Sage extracts was investigated in culture media by direct method (well method) and application of whey protein concentrate (WPC) films as discs (disc method) incorporated with different concentrations of extracts. In order to evaluate the antifungal effect of extract in pistachio, kernels coated with different concentrations of extract inoculated with a culture media discs contain 9-day-old growing A. flavus colony and the growth rate of inoculated discs were measured during 1 week.In experimental condition, minimal inhibition concentration was achieved by 155 ppm of ahcoholic extract (30 percent concentration). The results also showed that WPC Coating incorporated with 4000 ppm of Salvia officinalis extracts on pistachio kernels inhibited A. flavus growth totally.Paying regard to economic aspects of importance of contamination with toxigenic fungi in pistachio kernel suggest the application of Sage extract incorporated in edible Coatings for toxigenic fungi growth and toxin production in foods.

The aim of present research in the first stage was to extract astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis using acid-acetone method and then nanoencapsulation of the pigment using maltodextrin-sodium caseinate Coating. In the next step, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin and the free form of the pigment was evaluated. In order to evaluate antibacterial activity of the samples, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus iniae, Bacillus subtilis (Gram positive), Yersinia ruckeri, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes (Gram negative) were used. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin is significantly higher than the free form of pigment (p<0.05); In addition, this activity was improved by increasing the concentration of samples from 100 to 200 µg/ml (p<0.05). By astaxanthin nanoencapsulation, the diameter of non-growth zone of the studied bacteria increased (p<0.05), but minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the pigment and its carrier nanocapsules decreased (p<0.05). According to the results of zone of inhibition, Gram positive (except Listeria monocytogenes) and Gram negative bacteria were resistant up to concentrations of 60 and 80 µg/ml of samples, respectively. In the following, the MIC and MBC of the pigment (free and nanoencapsulated forms) for the seven bacteria ranged from 50 to 400 and 100 to 500 µg/ml, respectively. The results of evaluation the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of nanocapsules carrying astaxanthin during storage period (30 days at 4ºC) indicated stability and no significant change of these properties (p>0.05). According to the values of diameter of non-growth zone, MIC and MBC, Listeria monocytogenes was the most sensitive bacteria against astaxanthin and its carrier nanocapsules. Based on the findings, astaxanthin extracted from Haematococcus pluvialis has antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and these properties are improved by the pigment nanoencapsulation using maltodextrin-sodium caseinate Coating.

In the last decade, Calcium Titanate has been introduced as a bioceramic with acceptable mechanical and biological properties for orthopaedic implant applications. In this study, CaTiO3 nano-structure Coating was produced by sol-gel dip-Coating route for biomedical applications. Calcium nitrate and titanium isopropoxide were used as a precursor. After Coating process, the specimen was subjected to rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 800oC. The phase structure, functional groups and surface morphology of Coating were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Uniform crack-free nano-structured Coatings were obtained with perovskite crystal structure.

Background: Antimicrobial packaging is a form of active packaging that could extend the shelf-life of foods and provides microbial safety for consumers. In order to control undesirable microorganisms on food surfaces, volatile and non-volatile antimicrobial agents can be incorporated into polymers. Incorporation of essential oils and other antifungal agents in edible films composition is an antimicrobial packaging that able to inhibit fungal growth on the pistachio and aflatoxins production.Objective: The antifungal activity of Avishan-e Shirazi (Zataria multifora) extracts against Aspergillus flavus in whey protein concentrate-based Coating on pistachio kernels was investigated.Methods: The antifungal effect of Avishan-e Shirazi extracts was investigated in culture media by direct method (cup plate method) and application of whey protein concentrate (WPC) films as discs (disc deffusion method) incorporated with different concentrations of extracts. In order to evaluate the antifungal effect of extract in pistachio kernels coated with different concentrations of extract inoculated with a culture media discs contain 9-day-old growing  A. flavus colony and the growth rate of inoculated discs were measured during 1 week.Results: In experimental condition, minimal inhibition concentration was achieved by 90ppm of ahcoholic extract (30 percent concentration). The results also showed that WPC Coating incorporated with 2500ppm of Zataria multiflora extracts on pistachio kernels inhibited A. flavus growth totally. Conclusion: Regarding to application of importance of contamination with toxigenic fungi in pistachio kernel is suggested the application of Avishan-e Shirazi extract incorporated in edible Coatings for toxigenic fungi growth and toxin production in foods. 

The first purpose of this study is to investigate different methods of making viscous cellulose (in non-aqueous solvent) and strengthening tissue by cross-linking synthesis. The second goal is coupling with PVC. To coat viscovellulose on polyvinylchloride (PVC) surface in this study, instead of water, organic solvents as ethylenediamine and ethylene glycol were used to synthesize viscous cellulose. In the first method, gelatinization of cellulose was performed in ethylene glycol solvent and cellulose tissue was reinforced with ester crosslink by additives such as phthalic anhydride and polyvinyl alcohol. In the second method, cellulose was aminolyzed in ethylenediamine and an amide cross-link was formed by using terephthalic acid. In the third method, cellulose acetate tissue was reinforced with polyvinyl acetate and borax. Finally; it was rubberized with acetone solvent. In the final step, the viscose cellulose samples of each method were coated with a layer of PVC paste. To compare the quality of coupling methods, the tensile test and moisture absorption test were used. Based on the obtained results, the first (ester crosslink) and second method (amide crosslink) had better tensile strength (with tensile device) and moisture absorption (with volatile meter) was more than the others. The tensile strength of the first method and its moisture absorption was more than other methods. Also, intrinsic viscosity [η ] of viscocellulose: PVC paste (1: 1ratio) showed that the third method (cellulose acetate and polyvinyl acetate paste) has the highest homogeneity and adhesion with PVC paste. The advantage of these methods is that for the synthesis of viscous cellulose, ethylene glycol solvent is used instead of water solvent and for activation energy, a microwave beam is used instead of heater heat. The importance of microwave beams for this research method is proved by the DSC method.