According to the current Literature, corruption as an undesirable social phenomenon has a variety of economic and social reasons. Considering the importance of the issue in various countries in the recent decades, many studies have been done in order to understand the root causes of corruption in society and the effective methods for combating against corruption. Hence, the knowledge of such relationships and an understanding of the economic factors in control of corruption have been developed. In this article an attempt is made to look into the mechanism of and the relationship between decentralization and corruption by using a Panel Data Model for fifty countries in the period 1995-2006.The results point to a positive relationship between the decentralization and control of corruption through transfer of central power to local areas and reducing the monopoly power of the central government and reforms in public sector and deregulation and transparency, which prevents the corrupted collusion of state and private companies and promotes the private sector to be more active in the economy Moreover, a significant relationship exists between the human and economic development and eradication of corruption for the period under study, so that the promotion of the public welfare and educational development has been able to decrease corruption and moving toward the clean economy.

Objective: amongst the issues that have become pervasive in the world and most of the political systems are to deal therewith is the issue of corruption which is enumerated amongst the very devastative problems and confrontation with it is very difficult due to the various methods applied in the political systems. Countering corruption at the macro level requires recognizing the roots of the prevalence of corruption, Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the reasons for the corruption of political systems. Methods: the present study has been carried out based on the grounded theory method. Use was made of the limited theoretical literature substantially through relying on the interviews with 12 individuals (based on a purposive method) from amongst the universities' faculty members who were experts in the governmental management, political sciences and economy. The data were extracted from the subjective studies and interviews within the format of open coding, selective coding and axial coding. Results: the results obtained from coding included the lawful corruption, Political corruption, Legal corruption, Cultural corruption and Personal corruption that form the factors influencing the corruption-proneness of the political systems categorized into two general categories: legitimate corruption and corrupt values, in the end, the outcomes of the corruption-proneness of the political systems were identified and some strategies were presented for them. Conclusion: In conclusion, the fact emerged that all cases that would cause corruption in political systems were legitimate and had legal authority. Then, for the first time, the final model in relation to the corruption of political systems was drawn in this study and the main causes, underlying factors, mediating factors, the main category, strategies and consequences of the corruption of political systems were identified. Political systems were identified. Finally, it was concluded that political systems to combat corruption should implement deconstructions in their core pillars that cover the loopholes of corruption.

In recent years, reports on amount of corruption and administrative health in media and public discourse have increased. Corruption has widespread even in non-governmental organizations. Iran's Corruption Perceptions Index on January 2020 is 146 out of 180 countries and Regulatory quality index is 178 out of 193 countries. The present article deals with pathology of situation of anti-corruption non-governmental organizations and evaluate the role of state actors in anti-corruption NGOs (state-oriented NGOs) and its prevention in Iran. This survey is a qualitative one and in terms of implementation, is a descriptive-analytical method which have been obtained by using Political Delphi technique, documentary and library tools from national and international reputable databases. The statistical population is the total number of anti-corruption NGOs reported in official information sources, (9) cases. Findings showed the vast majority of founders of Anti-Corruption Non-Governmental Organizations in Iran are authorities. Non-standard Acts and regulations, depriving some of police duties and delivering it to other agencies or persons and lack of giving licenses to non-officials are some of observed problems in Iran. Ways and conditions of establishing and granting license to anti-corruption non-governmental organizations, which is issued only to specific individuals and groups, have reduced effectiveness of anti-corruption activities. Non-state-oriented anti-corruption NGOs can combat corruption by proactive, reactive and preventative measures.

Hymenoplasty is a surgery that doctors perform to repair girl `s virginity who lost it through virginal intercourse or other accidents. During their practice, doctors may face demands that do not have a therapeutic effect and are derived from the cultural and customary considerations of society. Given the fact that the doctor should also consider the patient's greatest benefit in such cases and, on the other hand, cannot ignore the cultural and customary considerations of the community, so it is challenging. One of those challenging issues is the hymnal patch repair (Hayman). The aim of this operation is to show a woman has still virginity or to deceive her husband. Whether this operation is permissible or not is something that we try to answer in this article.