Materials exhibit significant Creep behavior at temperatures above 40% of their absolute melt temperature. Lead, tin and their alloys are such materials which experience significant Creep behavior in room temperature. One of the most important applications of the tin-lead alloys is soldering electronic circuits in electronic industry, and for lead are isolation walls and wet batteries. Room temperature for lead is about 50% and for tin 70%-lead 30% is about 63% of their absolute melting temperature, and considering Creep damage during their structural design is of prime importance. In this paper, Creep and Creep rupture data of these two materials are investigated experimentally. Diagrams obtained from experiment in the applied form, are presented for the application in computer simulation and forecasting connections life cycle. Creep rupture diagrams in the form of time hardening in the Creep primary stage are presented to give strain-time relation and Larson-miller and Monkam-Grant parameters. The steady state Creep rate relation for both materials in terms of stress function is also provided.

There is an increasing need to assess the service life of components containing defect which operate at high temperature. This paper describes the current fracture mechanics concepts that are employed to predict cracking of engineering materials at high temperatures under static and cyclic loading. The relationship between these concepts and those of high temperature life assessment methods is also discussed.A model for predicting Creep crack growth initiation and growth in terms of C* and the Creep uniaxial ductility is presented and it is shown that this model gives good agreement with the experimental results. The effects of cyclic loading on crack growth behavior are considered and fractography evidence is shown to back a simple cumulative damage concept when dealing with Creep/fatigue interaction. Finally a discussion is presented which highlights the important aspect of life assessment methodology for high temperature plant.

One of the yet unresolved engineering problems is forecasting the Creep lives of weldment in a pragmatic way with sufficient accuracy. There are number of obstacles to circumvent including: complex material behavior, lack of accurate knowledge about the Creep material behavior specially about the heat affected zones (HAZ), accurate and multi-axial Creep damage models, etc.In general, Creep life forecasting may be categorized into two groups, viz., those that are based on microscopic modeling and others that are based on macroscopic (phemenological) concepts. Many different micro-structural processes may cause Creep damage. The micro-structural processes highlight the fact that the Creep damages can be due to cavity nucleation and growth. Dislocation Creep is another mechanism with micro-structural features such as sub-grain formation and growth, new phase formation, such as the Z phase, coarsening leading to the dissolution of the MX phase. This leads to the removal of pinning precipitates, which allow local heterogeneous subgrain growth, weakening due to this growth and also to the dissolution of the MX. These features normally lead to the earlier formation of tertiary Creep and reduced life. Considering welded joints , the development of models for practical yet sufficiently accurate Creep life forecasting based on micro-structural modeling becomes even more complicated due to variation of material in the base, weld and heat-affected-zone (HAZ) and variation of the micro-structure within HAZ and their interactions. So far, and until this date, none of the micro-structural models can forecast the Creep life of industrial components with sufficient accuracy in an economic manner. There are several macroscopic (phemenological) models for Creep life forecasting, including: time-fraction rule, strain-fraction rule, the reference stress and skeletal stress method, continuum damage model, etc. Each of which has their own limitations. This paper gauges to a multi-axial yet pragmatic and simple model for Creep life forecasting weldment operating at high temperature and subjected to an elastic-plastic-Creep deformation.

In the present paper, gas turbine blade made of Inconel 939 superalloy Creep behavior under rotation and thermal stress which is obtained from thermoelastic analysis is studied. Four models including Larson-Miller, Orr-Sherby-Dorn, Manson-Hoferd, and Minimum Commitment Method are used for Creep analysis and their results are compared. At the first step, material constants of these four models are obtained by curve fitting of experimental results provided by COST-50. Then with use of these temperature dependent material constants, finite element model is created and stress due to temperature distribution and blade rotation is determined. Temperature range of blade is obtained from 1050 K to 1200 K. Because obtained von-Mises stress is below the yield stress of Inconel 939 at above temperature range, viscoelastic Creep analysis is done by ABAQUS Creep subroutine. Obtained results show that Larson-Miller and Minimum Commitment Method predict lower Creep rate and Creep strain relative to two other models. Also analysis results show that Creep is more important at points with higher temperature.