Introduction: Hemorrhagic Cystitis (HC) is an infectious or noninfectious process that leads to gross hematuria originating from the urinary bladder mucosa.Case Report: A previously healthy 2.5-year old boy referred to our center five hours after ingestion of 120 mL (6 g) of cephalexin suspension with abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and gross hematuria. The results of a general physical examination were unremarkable except for mild suprapubic tenderness. He was admitted to hospital and hydrated. Laboratory tests on admission showed a normal CBC and electrolytes, normal PT and PTT, negative coombs test, many RBCs per high-power field (HPF) in urine, and normal urinary tract sonography. Within 24 hours, the urine was cleared, showing only 1 to 2 red blood cells per high power field and no changes in CBC, electrolytes or kidney function tests. His urine culture was negative.Conclusion: Although there are reports of antibiotics- induced HC, the rarity of cephalosporines and cephalexin induced hemorrhagic Cystitis encourage us to report this child.

Polypoid Cystitis is a benign exophytic mucosal lesion of the bladder. Differentiating it from papillary transitional cell carcinoma is difficult due to their similar characteristics. Although indwelling catheter is the main well-known cause of polypoid Cystitis, some case reports unrelated to catheterization have been described. However, the radiological findings of polypoid Cystitis have rarely been reported. We hereby describe polypoid Cystitis in a 20-year-old man without a history of catheterization along with the computed tomographic findings.

A 26-year-old man, known case of urinary calculus disease, presented with the chief complaint of 1 episode of hematuria. Investigations revealed normal blood hemoglobin level, total leucocyte count, kidney function tests, and urine microscopic examination, except for alkaline urine pH. Urine cytology revealed no atypical cells. Urine aerobic culture revealed growth of Enterobacteriaceae for which antibiotics were started...

The diagnosis of emphysematous Cystitis is made when gas is visualized within the bladder wall on radiologic or ultrasound imaging and typically develops as a complication of lower urinary tract infection from gas forming bacteria. Its presentation varies from being asymptomatic to severe abdominal pain and requires a high index of suspicion in susceptible individu-als to make the diagnosis and avoid potentially serious complications. Here we present a case of emphysematous Cystitis along with a brief review of the literature.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in the treatment of refractory interstitial Cystitis (IC).Materials and Methods:  Thirteen patients with refractory IC were enrolled in the study. They were scheduled to receive 6 weekly courses of treatment with intravesical BCG. Variables including the frequency, nocturia, urgency, pelvic pain, dyspareunia, dysuria, IC symptom index, IC problem index, and average voided volume were assessed every 6 months after the BCG therapy. Results: Thirteen patients received the complete course of intravesical BCG therapy. Twenty-four months after the treatment a mean improvement of 51.9% was seen in frequency (P = 0.001), 43.2% in nocturia (P = 0.002), 28.7% in urgency (P = 0.004), 43.1% in pelvic pain (P = 0.001), 58.3% in dyspareunia (P = 0.003), 6.5% in dysuria (P = 0.16), 57.7% in the O’Leary-Sant IC symptom index (P = 0.001), and 61.8% in the O’Leary-Sant IC problem index (P = 0.001) scores. A significant improvement was seen in the mean average voided volume at the 24th follow-up month (89.5%; P = 0.001).Conclusion: Intravesical BCG is a relatively effective treatment in patients with refractory IC. Its efficacy seems to be modest and lasts for at least 24 months in majority of the patients. It is also safe and well tolerated.