Abu Taqub Yusuf Sakaki has been praised or criticized for mixing logic and literature; because he chaptered the third part of his Miftah al-Uloom book, which is dedicated to rhetoric, with logical tools; and in this part, he set up his special science of expression based on a special logical heritage of DENOTATION. This essay will show that this heritage was transferred to Sakaki through Fakhreddin Tabari, known as Razi. In this way, verbal signification is divided into contractual and intellectual, and this is where the special science of Sakaki expression, which is based on intellectual verbal signification, emerges. It is after these two scholars that in logical and other writings, an apparently unprecedented division enters the Isagoji of logic, and that division is the division of meaning into contractual, physical, and intellectual. This research does not leave behind the general method of Islamic logic and the scope of its research is logical writings.

The topic of “trilogical DENOTATIONs” (al-dalalat al-thalath) appears in Avicenna logic system following the development of the discourse on “terms subject” (al-mabahith al-alfad) in his system. It was Avicenna, who, for the first time, paid more attention to this subject and was responsible for its extended discussion. Among the issues to which he addresses is the one on trilogical DENOTATIONs (implicit, implied, and metaphorical). Implicit DENOTATION, to which the logicians were more concerned, in that it denotes some meaning different from its original referent, was similar to some kinds of metaphorical DENOTATIONs, and this similarity leads to some misconceptions in differentiating between the two DENOTATIONs, metaphorical and implied. In this research we have shown that metaphorical DENOTATION differs from implicit and implied ones in three respects: first, in implicit and implied DENOTATION, the DENOTATION is the result of coining words, but in metaphorical one, it is through some evidence. Second, in differentiating between real and metaphorical meaning we do not need “evident mutual implication in its restricted meaning” (bayyen bi al- ma’na al-akhas). Third, there are not any mutual implications between metaphorical meaning and real meaning, but both implicit and implied meanings imply the real meaning.

Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) has always recommended the pious to be faithful to the Islamic ethics and behave fairly toward all people. Quranic verses and hadiths of Ahl-ol-Bayt all emphasize on the fact that even in the face of heretical people and movements, justice and morality should not be violated and moreover religion should never be defended employing deceitful and rebuking ways. But in the recent era, a theory has emerged that validates attributing lies to some of the religious opponents (heretics) by means of defaming them in order to prevent people from been deceived by them. This theory‘s main argument is a narration known as “Mobahata” (calumniation) along with other acclaimed evidences.The present study with critical –analytical reconsideration of the aforementioned narration as well as other reasons did not find the provided documentations sufficient to prove the theory and authoritative enough for specifying the general rules mentioned in religious sources against such conduct. Consequently the author believes that Islamic doctrine never justifies these kinds of behaviors.

The need to achieve optimal portfolio optimization criteria, which, in addition to the accuracy of investment decisions quickly, goes beyond academic needs, as investors, investment companies and investment managers need to reduce their investment losses, increase Risk-adjusted returns have always been discussed. However, it is very difficult to achieve a portfolio optimization method that fills the gap between applied requirements and theoretical models. Considering that one of the most important factors in achieving optimal returns is diversification. This research, with the theme of "Formation of optimal investment portfolio in Tehran Stock Exchange using hierarchical and K-means clustering methods", attempts to present a suitable method for portfolio optimization using market data and clustering. The result of this comparison will clarify the success rate of cluster optimization compared to the index portfolio.

Dear Editor: The nuclear DENOTATION due to the leakage from nuclear electricity plant in Japan after the giant tsunami is a great concern. There are many possible health effects including induction of ophthalmic disorder on the affected population to the nuclear DENOTATION. Indeed the observation on the effect of radioactive leaking from the nuclear plant after the well-known nuclear leakage episode in 1986, Chernobyl case in Russia indicated the emergence of cataract among the exposed subjects.

The word raj'at, meaning of turning back of a group of people to the world after death and before resurrection, is one of the Shiite teachings which is inextricably tied with Mahdism, apocalypse events, emergence of Imam Mahdi and his insurrection. To prove this teaching, the Shiite scholars have proposed valid reasons from which we can refer to verse 83 of Surah An-Naml. According to the Ahlul-Bayt’s narrations, this verse points to unity of a group of people in this world. By the help of Imamiyah narrations and consensus this verse is interpreted as a valid Quranic text referring to rij’at; however, for Sunnis’ commentators, the verse is a reason of resurrection. In accordance with the rest of the Quran verses, all human beings are gathered in the great resurrection; therefore, the day in which all creatures are gathered is separate from the day in which members of a group are gathered.

There can be found different views on the DENOTATION of miracles. For Muslim theologians, the Prophet`s claim and for Christian theologians, the existence of God and the teachings of prophets are main DENOTATIONs of miracles. Though Qazi Abd ul-Jabbar like most Muslim scholars has known truthfulness of the Prophet`s claim as the main DENOTATION of miracles, he agrees those knowing God`s existence as the DENOTATION of miracles also. In this way, he may be considered the first Muslim theologian that has presented the proof of miracle for proving God`s existence. His view in the field, therefore, would be like that of Swinburne in many respects. Yet, Swinburne has counted the truthfulness of prophets` teachings as DENOTATION of miracle also, while the Muslim scholar knows it as a secondary DENOTATION for miracles. Such a resemblance would lead us to an unknown richness of Islamic theology.

The “linguistic DENOTATION” scheme in this paper, vs. the “logical DENOTATION”, represents the relationship between “words” and “meanings” in “natural languages”. In this scheme, the process of “DENOTATION” is dependent on “application” and is performed by “interpretation”, but in logical DENOTATION, it is only a function of contract. However, the Holy Quran and Traditions have been issued in the atmosphere of natural language. Therefore, the meaning of the Kitāb and Sunnah must be explained in the structure of linguistic not logical DENOTATION. So, the meaning of words, in addition to the “co-text”, also depends on the “context or application”, and interpretation activity plays a great role in it. Accordingly, “application” in the literature of interpretation of the Quran is: the occasions and addresses of revelation, and in Tradition is: the conditions and situations of the Hadīth issuance. Details and applications of this approach in Quranic and Hadīth sciences require further researches.

This research deals with the text relations in the Quranic chapter Mu'minun such as lexical relations (appropriateness, omission, and repetition) with an emphasis on primary and secondary meanings. Then the study connects all these relations and makes use of phonemic implications and meanings of the letters in the Quranic verses, particularly the Quranic intervals, and their internal and emotional implications especially in text relations (repetition). Meanwhile, it does not ignore communicative and instrumental functions of language. This is more evident at the Qur'an intervals and in phonemes ending in "alif", "ya", and "waw" according to which these functions take different meanings. For example, the phonemes ending in "fa", "ha", "aa", "wa" in the words "fa'ilun", "hafizun", "warithun", "khaalidun" refer to the continuity, duration, and the time and place comprehensiveness of those attributes and actions. In addition, the phonemes ending in "ya" indicate humbleness and the phonemes ending in "waw" implicate institutionalization and internality. These findings, based on a descriptive- analytical method, are an attempt to show the eternal Qur'anic miracles.

The technical prose of the Kelile ve Dimne and Maghamat-e Hamidi that comprised of implicit and explicit implications indicated a different style of education. Decrypting the connotations of these works revealed that contrary to the researchers' hypothesis that argued about the high number of words comparing to meanings in the sixth century prose texts, more meanings developed because of approaching of these works to poetry and increment of secondary implications of word. By mental movement from a reference to another area, the reader gets new concepts. By educating and implicitly using of mental concepts in the narrative structure, the author of Kelile ve Dimne put more sustainable impact on the reader’s thoughts. Since the analysis of educational works revealed significant functionality due to the implicit and explicit implications, in this research we tried to study the contextual framework of these texts and investigate the statements and verbs to explain the author’s approach in terms of education. This article is derived from a research project that investigated the verb stylistic in six century prose texts and verbs had been assessed in basic and compound forms and also prepositions and then had been considered in the form of propositions because of the direct effect of context on the construction of verbs and creating meanings. Their functionality had also been analyzed with implementation of implicit and explicit meanings in these two works.