Rock has been advantageously employed in hydraulic structures such as rockfill dams, gabion weirs and drain works. One rockfill dam applications can be flood control in watershed management. The objectives of building rockfill DETENTION dams are flow storage for a specific period and lowering of the outflow hydrograph. As this type of dam consists of coarse particles, seepage flow will deviate from Darcy’s law and mostly be turbulent.Under the practical conditions of watershed management, it might be necessary to build successive rockfill dams, where a final outflow hydrograph with lower peak flows and longer duration is needed. Due to their reciprocal effects, the hydraulics of successive rockfill DETENTION dams are complicated. This paper describes a routing flow model through successive rockfill dams considering the storage among them and their effects on each other. In the developed model, the velocity has been introduced to the 1-D continuity equation as an exponential relationship between Reynolds number (Re) and the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor (f). By introducing the inflow hydrograph and rockfill characteristics as input data to the model, the outflow hydrograph can be determined through the storage routing method. The results of the developed model show good agreement with the experimental data collected for this investigation. The results show that the degree of peak reduction of the routed hydrograph depends on the number of successive rockfill dams, the distance between them, the average size of the rockfill material, and the dam dimensions.

Although an official definition by the World Health Organization (WHO) or any other authority is currently lacking, hospital DETENTION practices (HDP) can be described as: “ refusing release of either living patients after medical discharge is clinically indicated or refusing release of bodies of deceased patients if families are unable to pay their hospital bills. ” Reports of HDP are very scarce and lack consistent terminology. Consequently, the problem’ s scale is unknown. This study aimed to find evidence of HDP worldwide, explore characteristics of HDP reports, and compare countries with or without reports. PubMed and Google were examined for relevant English, Spanish, and French publications up to January 2019. Of 195 countries, HDP reports were found in 46 countries (24%) in Africa, Asia, South-America, Europe, and North-America. Most reports were published by journalists in newspapers. In most countries reports concern living adults and children who are imprisoned in public hospitals. A majority (52%) of reports were of individuals detained for at least a month. Almost all countries, with or without HDP reports, have signed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Countries with reported HDP have larger population size (P <. 001), worse Corruption Perception Index score (P =. 025), higher out-of-pocket expenditure (P =. 024), lower Universal Health Coverage Index score (P =. 015), and worse Press Freedom Index score (P =. 012). We conclude that HDP are more widespread than currently acknowledged. Urgent intervention by stakeholders is required to stop HDP.

The determination of locations and sizes for such a system is important in a drainage master plan or a storm-water management system. However, the distribution of DETENTIONs in the upstream and midstream is often more dispersed using many combinations of volume scales. This paper uses the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm combined with the Storm Water Management Model to explore and calculate the optimal layout scheme for decentralized rainwater DETENTION. The purpose is to find a design and planning method that can achieve the optimal balance of decentralized DETENTION considering the aspects of flood disaster control, peak flow reduction, and investment cost. The optimal results of Pareto in applied case show that among the five most unfavourable nodes, the DETENTIONs with different layout volumes and relatively smaller size can control water logging from rainstorm. The project cost is effectively reduced and the standard of the return period of the regional rainwater system is enhanced from 2 to 20 years.

In developing countries, wastewater treatment is confined to secondary systems. Hence even after treatment, wastewater effluent has a high level of nutrients which causes eutrophication and has destructive impacts on receiving bodies. Literature reveals that phycoremediation can be the best solution to address the problem faced but is time-consuming, ranging from days to weeks. Hence, the present study aimed to determine an optimum DETENTION time for the microalgal system to treat domestic wastewater. The retention time for treatment in the study was divided into an aeration and settling periods. During the study, aeration time varied from 2 hours to 24 hours, followed by 1-hour settling period for each aeration time. Optimum DETENTION time for microalgal treatment was obtained at 11 hours of DETENTION time (10 hours aeration and 1-hour settling). Parameters analyzed during the study were pH, EC, TS, TSS, TDS, nitrate, phosphate, ammonia, COD and DO. However, the main focus was on nutrients (phosphate and ammonia) and organics (COD) removal while determining the optimum DETENTION time. Maximum removal efficiency obtained for COD, ammonia and phosphate for non-filtered effluent was 75.61%, 90.63% and 83.29%, respectively. However, removal efficiency further increased for filtered effluents to 86.34%, 100% and 91.12% for COD, ammonia and phosphate, respectively. Algal treatment offers an ecologically safe and more affordable system for nutrient removal and eliminates the need for tertiary treatment.