Introduction: cardiovascular DISEASES are the most common cause of mortality and morbidity in developed and several of developing countries and estimates for 40 - 45% of that. In Iran statistics shows high prevalence of cardiovascular DISEASES and cardiovascular DISEASES with accidents are the most important causes of mortality.Health deputy of Ministry of Health reported 70000 deaths from cardiovascular DISEASES in 2007. Also cardiovascular DISEASES are one of the most causes of impairment.Discussion: cardiovascular impairment is high in Iran because of high rate of cardiovascular DISEASES, but unfortunately, it has not been paied attention yet and there is no known functional way for impairment assessment.Conclusion: Impairment and disability assessment is a complex and difficult method and physicians should assess impairment based on patients' history, physical and Paraclinical findings, but a team work is necessary for determination of disability based on multiple aspects such as impairment, psychosocial and job of patients.

Background and Purpose: Information related to the use of medicinal plants has been passed down from one generation to another for many years, leading to the establishment of an important field called ethnobotany or herbal ethnography. To date, no research has been conducted to investigate the ethnobotanical medicinal plants of the indigenous people of Ilam to identify medicinal plants effective on kidney stones. Materials and Methods: The current study is a cross-sectional ethnobotanical study between April 2023 and November 2023 in Ilam city. Collection of traditional therapeutic information about plants effective on kidney stones (kidney pain) was conducted through an ethnobotanical questionnaire. The individual conducting the inquiry personally carried out interviews by visiting each and every herbal store (Attari) in the city of Ilam. To analyze the data obtained from the interviews, indicators such as the usage report index (UR) and the quantitative index of the relative frequency of registration (RFC) were used to obtain quantitative information. Results: According to the results, 52% of the participants in the study were male herbalistsand 48% were female. Approximately, 60% of the herbalists had a bachelor's degree, and 60% were Kurds. In Ilam city, 16 plant species from 14 plant families are used to treat kidney pain caused by kidney stones. Alfalfa, corn, Iranian scurvy, prickly pear, three-color marshmallow, tangerine, Japanese parsnip, spectacular artichoke, andole, black seed, Abu Jahl watermelon, murtlekh, desert ivy, two branched horses, yarrow, small-seeded cherry, chicory, fig and Desert monkey flower is one of the most important medicinal plants that are used in the ethnobotany of Ilam city to treat kidney stones. Conclusion: The findings derived from this research not only preserve the ethnic knowledge related to medicinal plants in the region but also open avenues for further studies aimed at treating kidney stones with these identified plants, potentially leading to the development of effective and safe herbal remedies for this condition.

The relation between periodontitis and cardiovascular DISEASES has been of interest in recent years. Cardiovascular DISEASES in the developed countries account for 50% of the mortality rate and are the principal causes of death. Periodontitis, one of the most common DISEASES of human, is an infectious condition that can result in inflammatory destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Periodontitis and atherosclerosis have complex etiologies like genetics and gender, and they potentially share many risk factors, the most significant of which may be smoking. A number of studies have shown a significant relationship between periodontitis and cardiovascular DISEASES, but the need for further studies of new definitions of relationship between them especially in women seems to be demanded.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia is accompanied by progressive memory loss and other cognitive functions. The conditionis estimated to affect approximately 36 million people, worldwide. AD is characterized by the presence of extracellular amyloid b (Ab) deposits, intracellular neurofibrillary tanglesand senile plaques in the cortex, hippocampus, basal forebrain and amygdale. Neurofibrillary tangles formation is the result of intracellular fibrillar aggregation of the microtubule-associated protein tau that is hyperphosphorylated and oxidized. Senile plaques consist of insoluble fibrillar Ab. It is established that Ab is formed after sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein and secreted to the extracellular space. It also inhibits hippocampal long-term potentiation and disrupts the synaptic plasticity. In addition, Ab accumulation induces an elevation in levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neurons, leading to apoptotic neuronal death in rats and mice. Studies showed that the accumulation of Ab in brain plays an important role in the pathophysiology of AD and a close correlation exits between Ab procedure and the neurodegeneration process of AD. There exists evidence suggesting that memory impairment in AD begins with changes in hippocampal synaptic functions and then gradually progresses to neurodegeneration and neuronal loss in these patients.