This study was aimed at comparing Viola spp. populations collected from north and northwest of Iran to investigate the adaptability and feasibility of their DOMESTICATION under climatic conditions of Gorgan. The whole plant samples together with their rhizomes were collected from nine habitats in Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan, East Azerbaijan, and Kermanshah provinces during the growing season. After botanical approval and receiving herbarium code, the rhizomes were cultivated under the same soil and climate with three replications. Their yield components and physiological, morphological, and phytochemical traits were measured after one crop year at flowering stage. The results showed that these populations were from V. alba Besser, V. odorata L., V. sieheana W. Becker, and V. ignobilis Rups. species. All populations produced flowers and seeds after one crop year. The populations differed significantly (P<0. 01). V. ignobilis from Kermanshah had the highest amount of root and aerial parts fresh weight, aerial parts dry weight, and leaf area. The highest amount of root and aerial parts length belonged to V. sieheana from Alangdare. V. alba from Ziarat had the highest amount of total phenols (45. 74 mg gallic acid per gram of dry extract) and total flavonoids (20. 24 mg quercetin per gram of dry extract). The highest amount of chlorophylls a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanins was observed in V. odorata from Bandargaz. The highest antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS methods was found in V. alba from Afratakhte and the highest one by FRAP was observed in V. odorata from Qarnabad. The highest amount of total antioxidant was measured in V. alba and V. oderata populations from Ziarat region. Overall, the results proved the considerable traits diversity in Viola spp. populations. This diversity could be due to the high genetic potential among different populations, differences in environmental conditions, or the interaction of population and environment.

This study aims at surveying and describing the process of DOMESTICATION of proper names in Bisotun inscription. DOMESTICATION is among the translation strategies that the theorists like Venuti invented it to describe the common translation techniques in the context of British-American culture. Based on this approach, a translator takes a transparent and fluent style to minimize the foreign trace of the text for target language readers. In this research, DOMESTICATION means examining phonological and to some extent morphological (inflectional) aspects of proper names in Elamite, Akkadian, Greek and new Persian. Proper names of Bisotun inscription as the main data were undergone DOMESTICATION processes and they were examined in each of the above-mentioned languages. The results showed that each language has its specific phonological system and they differ from one another. Some languages may lack certain phonemes. Thus, they would be replaced by the most similar phonemes.

Due to highly consumption of extensive wild germplasm of Allium hirtifolium Boiss (Mooseer) in food and medicinal industry, exploration and DOMESTICATION process have been done in Golestan province (Gorgan). Economic productions of domesticated Persian Shallot plants need to be improved through breeding process. The successes of domesticated accessions improvement program depend on the available genetic diversity, genetic similarity (genetic distance). In order to determine genetic distance, bulbs of four accessions from different parts of country were planted using a complete block design. Significant differences were observed for growth characters (bulb weight, plant height, leaf length, leaf width, date of bulb germination and bulb yield) at a≤0.01 level. Duncan’s multiple range tests showed that the accession of Persian shallot were significantly different for all evaluated parameters except bulb diameter and leaf length. Cluster analyzing (average linkage method), indicated that the accessions were classified into two main groups and showed significant relationship between genetic diversity and geographical origins. The results suggesting that heterotic effect could be observed from crossing between promising accession of two classified population gating favorable traits for varietal and hybridization programs.

This paper examines the problem of domisticated translation of Molana by Coleman Barks into American English. In the first place, the paper raises the question why Molana has been the bestseller in America and not in other countries like Iran; it is then argued that domistication is the most fundamental problem of Barks in translating Molana into American English which is due to his insufficient familiarity with Persian language and culture.To prove this, the paper closely compares and contrasts two translations of one of Molana’s sonnets by Nicholson and Barks and arrives at the conclusion that under the American hegemony and superiority, Barks has offered a very shattered, vague and secularized image of Molana, which befits the nostalgia of American readers and appeals to their taste: the American Rumi and not the Iranian Molana.

One of the most valuable and unconquerable available assets in projects are the knowledge created during their execution. in case such knowledge is recognized, acquired and distributed suitably can be an optimized resources to be used in conducting future projects. People movement also replaced the acquired knowledge so in this situation the knowledge and experiments can only be accessible through informal and individual networks. So as to manage knowledge of past projects systematically, a systematic procedure is to be defined to acquire, store and distribute that knowledge in organization. In this article a model for knowledge management in project-based organizations has been defined. The model has two levels so that it can guide and meet the target of project-based organizations in managing part of implicit knowledge of projects in a defined procedure. Finally this model has been confirmed by interviewing 18 knowledge management experts.

Relying partially on Hatim and Mason's (1990, 1991, & 1997) theoretical Framework for the analysis and assessment of translated works, dealing with the sets of constraints relating to genre, discourse, and text as semiotic systems within which the expression of ideology occurs; Mason (1994); Calzada pérez's (2002) critical framework for translational phenomena; and Schleiermacher's dual distinction, namely, 'foreignization/DOMESTICATION', this paper investigates the ideological consequences of an English translation of Hedayat's Bouf-e Kour [The Blind Owl], originally written in Persian, by D. P. Costello (1957). The study has mainly focused on the generic, discoursal and textual features of the target text that may be considered as representations of 'DOMESTICATION', in the sense of the dichotomy originally proposed by Schleiermacher (1813). The extent to which such instances may be regarded as manifestations of ideological orientations by the translator has been the researcher's concern. The reason why a Persian source text and its translated English version have been chosen for comparison is to test the hypothesis that the present status of English as a 'dominant' language, associated primarily with a dominant culture (Le. Anglo-American culture), serves as a motive for translators into English to appeal to a 'domesticating' strategy (see, for example, Venuti, 1995). The study finally comes up with the conclusion that the target text under investigation may as well be categorized among 'domesticating translations' into English.  

The extinction, adjustment and/or adaptation of flora and fauna have been affected by climate changes through environmental elements alteration. The results from the previous studies showed that there was a relation between DOMESTICATION of wheat, genetic variation and paleo-climatic conditions. Wheat has been adapted to colder and severe winds climatic conditions with formation of small cell and changing in size and shape of seeds together with shortening and thickening of stem approximately 12500 years ago. The studies showed that wheat crop was planted in the Fertile Crescent region for the first time and then spread out in other geographical areas. Structural and behavioral characters of wheat crop were made in different climatic periods so that it was disappeared in some geographical areas and adapted to others with the environment. As extent of plant communities were changed during different climatic periods, some crops dead and some of them were adapted to the new conditions. To understand that how much climate change have affected on DOMESTICATION and evolution of wheat crop and the crop how much will be able for adaptation to future climate change, it needs to know about the DOMESTICATION and evolution trend of wheat in different climatic periods. By identifying the relationship between climate and wheat morphology and genetic, It is possible to predict the future changes of the strategic plant under different scenarios of climate change. The highly adapted species can be selected on the basis of precipitation and temperature changes in the future. In addition, the suitable regions can be introduced for planting the crop.Methods: In this study, about 80 national and international papers in the field of wheat genetic variations has been studied since its inception of Gramineae family. The effects of climate changes on different species of wheat were investigated in various periods as well. With regards to the growth and development together with the adaptation of the crop in different regions and climates in the past, the suitable climate as well as location were detected for planting in the future.Result: Gramineae family has been evolved during the Cretaceous period 55 million years ago. Although, phytolithes found in dinosaur fossils showed that the plants have existed 66 million years ago (Payprnv, 2005). Cretaceous is the third period of the Mesozoic era after Triassic and Jurassic in which occurred 145 to 65 million years ago and lasted seventy million years of the Cenozoic is the longest period. The area of broadleaf forest, grasses species and Gramineae family increased in North Africa and the Fertile Crescent in 110000 to 116000 years ago (Underhill et al., 2001). Wild Einkorn grains found in the Fertile Crescent has the precedence more than 12, 500 years (Ren plentiful, 1979), but the grains of the domesticated type discovered in archaeological sites in Greece, Cyprus and Balkans of has the precedence of 9500 years old. Einkorn wheat was very important for early farmers in Central Europe (7000 years ago). The genetic studies on Einkorn wheat showed that it was grown in the basaltic foothills of the mountains of Karajadagh in southeastern Turkey as a volunteer plants, and settlements used the grains and later to cultivate it (WAN-friendly, 1981). Emmer wheat DOMESTICATION was one of the most important stages of its DOMESTICATION. Emmer wheat of Tetraploid and is the ancestor of T. dicoccoides. Wild emmer wheat is AABB with T.uratu gene Which causes relent and fragility of grains and the ear (Worrack and others, 1993). An accurate studies were not done about the DOMESTICATION of wheat together with at what time epigenetic changes occurred in Einkorn and Emmer wild type in Iran. Research Results showed that the dominant food of Zagros residents was cereals (especially wheat) at 9000 years ago (Brvshky et al., 2016).Discussion: Man collected wild grains at least 20, 000 years ago and knew that plants are grown better in a certain conditions. They were produced less yield or dead due to pests and disease at some years time. Recent finding related to results of survey of wild genes of agricultural products revealed that DOMESTICATION of plant have been often took place in Asia more than 12, 500 years ago (Salamís and others, 2002). Einkorn and emmer wheat, barley, peas, lentils, buffalo pea and flax were domesticated at the first time in the Fertile Crescent (Hillman, 1966). Einkorn wheat Was the first variety which successfully cultivated. It was a diploid species that was domesticated in the Fertile Crescent more than 12, 500 years ago. Although, the cultivation the wheat was stopped in 5500 years ago. As polyploidy species had more adaptation with warm climate conditions, People began to cultivate it. In addition, it was harvested easier than einkorn type and had softer Glume as compared to einkorn one. Current wheat, hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum) are a conjunction between the emmer wheat tetraploid (emmer Triticum turgidum) and diploid species. It could be said that bread wheat in the nature does not wild ancestor of hexaploid and it is considered as a hybrid or transplant plant.Conclusion: The Climatic conditions in the Younger Dryas period caused the most metagenesis changes in wheat that cultivated by inhabitants of the Fertile Crescent. This period was a period of cold climate in Europe whose an ice age happened and agricultural practices was only in the lower latitudes such as areas located in southwest Asia, southern parts of the Mediterranean and southern parts of India and China. Wheat crop can reduce the transpiration surface area by forming small cells against dry conditions. From the middle East, wheat migrated China throughout the Silk Road and other transportation routes, southern parts of central China was old and drier than the Middle East. The southern China districts had a warm humid climate in 7, 000 years ago, but there was a relatively cool and dry conditions 6300 years ago and the size of grains of wheat and rice were smaller and similar to its current state at the same time. The size of wheat seed was reduced in the 2000-5000 years ago; It could be said that climate change during the Yangrdryas period has been effective on DOMESTICATION and increasing the power adaptation of wheat in different geographical areas. However before that, wheat was cultivated for a long time but, it did not have the properties of domesticated wheat. Cold and dry climatic conditions in Yangrdryas (12, 500 years ago) and dry climate in 5000-6000 years ago causes increasing the resistance of wheat and, created more morphological and metagenesis changes. According to the report (IPCC, 2007) warming of the Earth by 0.13 degrees Celsius per decade in the last 50 years is almost two times of the rate of recent past 100 years. Temperature increase has been estimated 0.74 degrees Celsius in the last century. Wheat is sensitive to high temperature, but the sensitivity depends on several factors such as variety, ambient temperature in which corn growth and its growth stages. The experiments showed that temperature increase affected wheat growth, and this reduces the crop growth period and the crop yield and quality will be decreased, consequently. Warmer climatic conditions is effective in reduction of fertility, changes in size, crop seed shape and quality, and achievement of consistency with current climatic conditions for cereals in low and middle latitudes. With the transferring of agricultural belts to high latitudes, although, there will be a desirable temperature conditions to grow wheat, factors including high humidity, poor soil organic matter, and low thickness of the soil are the most important issues that restrict the wheat cultivation. Moreover, the probability of the pests and fungus outbreak will be increased for cereals.

Relying on the distinction between two key cultural strategies of foreignization and DOMESTICATION postulated by Venuti, this research explores the way in which foreign literature has been portrayed in Persian context. To this end, three world famous novels originally written in English are compared with their Persian translations. The outlet of the research is based on the solid foundation of the practical models of translation that have been gleaned from a number of studies. This product-oriented descriptive translation research is a qualitative attempt to describe and analyse the applied foreignization and DOMESTICATION procedures. The research questions aims to explore the dominant strategy in the dichotomy of foreignizationl DOMESTICATION as well as the scope of application of these two strategies in the corpus of the research. According to the obtained results, DOMESTICATION has been introduced as the most pervasive cultural translation strategy applied in the corpus of the research as well as each ST-TT pair.