In according to benefaction rule, the trustee is not responsible for defect or spoil of trust property. Restitution property, in simulate of implement, is his (or her) troth. Should be known that many assumptions are thinkable in it that is not simplicity of analysis. In abusive assumption, someone that are broken up in sight, in commitment guilt, reversion of guilt is not sufficient for trusteeship, in break up contract and other property is in occupied possessor.

The historical city of Tawwaj, in the northern hinterland of the Persian Gulf, has long been one of Iran's most recognized cities. The boom of this city was during the period of Buyids, but then it quickly deteriorated. There is now nothing left of this town except a name in ancient texts and even the ruins of the city are unknown. This article examines the birth and continuity of this city and its deteriorating factors. This study, based on a historical analysis and library resources, shows that two economic components, namely the intermediary trading position of Tawwaj between the Persian Gulf ports and the central regions of Iran, and the production of Toozi linen textiles, were the main contributors to the flourishing of this city in the Buyids era. Studies on the city's downfall also reveal the involvement of human factors alongside natural ones. In this regard, the conflicts on succession of Azod al-Dawlah in Fars, the repeated attacks of Shabankara rulers and Qaramata to the coasts and the hinterlands, and the redirection of maritime trade from the Persian Gulf to Red Sea, as a transnational factor, have emerged in the Decline of Tawwaj. Based on these, the evolutions of Tawwaj may be considered as a good example for the impact of changes of trade routes on the human habitat arrangements.

Examining the geographical variation of Bakhtiāri and Luri dialects in the southern and western provinces, and present in the common features and characteristics of these Bakhtiari dialects, this article focuses on linguistic change and linguistic maintenance in one of the dialects.There .is a persistent anxiety that as a result of the past development of literacy, technology, mass media, etc the official language cause the Decline or death of the regional dialects.This case study in the field of Anthropology and sociology of language investigates the current situation of Bakhtiāri dialect in the city of Masjid Soleiman. By analysing the data collected through the questionnaires, the preserving or declining impacts of various factors are scrutinized.

Declining of press circulations is one of the most important challenges face by the press in Iran and the world today. We have studied this issue in a research work titled "Reasons behind the decrease the press Circulations in Iran from the perspective of journalism and communication professors of Tehran universities" with a qualitative method and based on in-depth interviews. The statistical population of this study includes twelve university professors who have work experience or press management background. To start with, a list of Tehran universities that had a journalism or communications department and a list of professors in the target group were prepared. And in a survey of professors in the same group, the most experienced people in the field of research, were selected. After interviewing individuals, significant propositions were extracted from each interview and organized and analyzed for making general classification. The results showed that six categories of cultural, political, economic, legal, technological and organizational causes are responsible for Decline of the press circulations. Meanwhile, technological and economic reasons have had the greatest impact on reducing the circulation of all sorts of published press in Iran.