The atmosphere of villages provides a space for the villagers to spend their life there and to feel a sense of belonging. It must let the villagers appreciate the situation and enjoy welfare pursuant to the appropriate facilities and equipments given to them. The spaces among residential buildings and other nonresidential constructions require complementary elements to better provide the villagers; there must exist equipments which like pieces of furniture help residents live and spend their free time in the areas surrounded by stone, concrete and glass. These components manage the flow, equilibrium, recreation and anxiety in the village and rehabilitate the arena. Rural apparatus, equipments, Decorations, park facilities and open areas are the common terms pertaining to facilities and utilities that help optimal use of the spaces created. The present research investigates the necessity of providing villages with Decoration, its design and adaption.

Timurid period is one of the brightest periods of Islamic art and architecture. There was considerable in different fields of Decoration in Timurid period. Designs in all areas, including illumination, metalwork, tiling and weaving has gone to the role of plant and graphical. The Decoration in this period has been influenced by several factors that caused a linguistic turn and these factors caused many changes in the field of Decoration at this period. The basic factor that saves the Decoration of Islamic art from stagnation is being together plant motifs and geometric that has been begun from this period. The purpose of this study is reviewed these changes and their objects. This research has been conducted as a descriptive and analytical. The main result of this research is that religious and political changes, is the most important factor for changing Decoration in the Timurid period and the periods after that.

One of the factors that gives quality to residential spaces in different periods, is Decoration which is appearing in various kinds. In diverse periods, architecture provides a decent foundations for several other arts. Such as Calligraphy, Plaster molding, mirror Decoration, Paintings and etc. These kinds of art have an important role by giving quality to the architectural spaces. According to this fact, lots of relics from Iranian famous artists are left as a memorial in historical places. Nowadays, different approaches of architecture and Decoration disunites these arts, consequently, the role of each one in giving quality to space, is separated from each other and become less important. In this regard, a relevant question is "What was the role of Decoration in giving quality to residential space? " and another question related to it, is; "Is there any relationship between Decoration and architecture? " the other question is also, "Was there any system or organization for the presence of Decoration in the residential space? "To answer these kind of questions this paper investigates the state of Decoration in past architecture. The authors had been using descriptive, analyzing and measurement methods in order to present the relation of Decoration and architecture quality. On the other hand, evaluating the role of Decoration especially wall-painting in the quality of residential space is the main purpose of this article. To achieve this goal, Yazd Shafipour house is chosen as a worthwhile case study. The authors have been used questionnaires, conducted interviews and documented their observations in order to obtain a precise investigation. Investigate the role of these Decoration especially paintings in the quality of spaces and describes how these various “ Art” is an uncountable noun. Replace “ kinds of art” to make it countable. Appear in different spaces of Yazd Shafipour house. After that, by considering the Decoration of this house, this paper classifies and describes all kinds of Decoration that is used in Yazd Shafipour house. At the next step to evaluate the role of Yazd Shafipour house's Decoration in the terms of its spaces, some questionnaires has been prepared and given to architecture students. Finally an analytical strategy has been has been employed and the result of these studies presents in the form of charts and tables. These results indicate that Decorations have had a significant impact on the quality of the spaces in this house. This article presents the order of facing with Decoration for space designing. It also determines the importance of Decoration in residential spaces. The final result indicates that Decoration has a significant role in residential spaces. The most important role of Decoration, especially wall-painting, is improving the quality of architectural space. It also has important components that play a fundamental role in the design process of architecture design for legibility and identity to the spaces, and designers must pay attention to the type of decorating and its amount proportional to space. The results of the studies showed that Decoration have at least three different roles in the quality of a residential spaces: 1. Decoration promote the qualitative characteristics of spaceWith the advent of Decorations, many qualitative features of space, such as artistic, imagination, complexity and diversity, are promoted. 2. Decoration moderate and then promote the qualitative characteristics of spaceDecoration in the first stage acts as a moderator of qualitative characteristics of space, and in the second stage it improves the quality of space. The traits included in this category are: dignity, beauty and perfection. 3. Decoration moderate the qualitative characteristics of spaceDecoration actually moderate some qualitative traits of space, and with increasing Decorations the definite traits do not change. Traits that are balanced by Decorations are: order, unity, calmness and greatness. The results of this article will be used by designers and artists to give quality to the spaces they create.

In this study, production of black pigments for glass glazing was undertaken by using Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu and Co elements. After calcination at different temperatures (1200-1350 °C), the synthesized pigment was milled and sieved. The resulting pigment were characterized by using XRD, PSA, and STA. Different amounts of pigment (5-10 wt.%) was added to a transparent glaze and applied on a cleaned glass and then fired at 650 °C. The glazed samples were analyzed by UV-vis. spectrophotometer. The results showed that black pigment particles containing Cr, Fe, Co, Cu and Ni synthesized at 1350 °C give an appropriate black color to the final glaze.

Of the effective ways to have successful interactions, the proper use of words could be mentioned. The vocabulary items chosen by the speaker can act as conversation starters. Consciously chosen vocabulary items that are attractive and functional enough could make a profound impact on the audience. The success of the speaker's utterance is effectively ensured by a web of vocabulary items that may have been carefully picked up in accordance with the theme of the discussion and the audience's taste. The present study, therefore, sets forth the concept of "language Decoration" as an interdisciplinary approach in establishing effective communications. Language Decoration means ornamenting the content and form of the utterance so as to affect the audience significantly. In fact, language Decoration can reveal individuals' identity and personality and is firmly rooted within their linguistic competence. In view of the importance of thinking, emotion, sense, and culture in conversations and considering the fact that "postlocution" moves beyond communicative competence, the current study endeavors to put forward literary ornaments, psychological ornaments, cultural ornaments, sensory ornaments at the forefront of language Decoration. Moreover, it advances this view that through cogbination (cognition+combination), emobination (emotion+combination), culbination (culture+combination), and sensbination (sense+combination), people could decorate their utterances and consequently, improve their communicative performance.

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Isfahan, one of the Iranian historical cities in Islamic era, experienced a flourish in architecture as a result of its special situation particularly during Safavid dynasty ruling. The city was provided with many mosques, palaces, bridges, streets and gardens alter it was declared as capital by Shah Abbass and its development continued through Shah Abbass (the second) ruling as well. The golden age of Safavid architecture coincided with the coming of Shah Abbass I to throne. Although it hardly can be regarded as the brightest age of architecture in Iran; it was an improvement period in Iranian architecture. Unlike the primitive periods of architecture, color and Decoration played a great role in Safavid architecture. Many buildings remained of this era, are very beautiful and rare in terms of Decoration and external form, although they are not so interesting in terms of architectural principles. Therefore, Isfahan buildings in that time can be considered an important source of study about Decorational elements in Iranian-Islamic architecture. Beautiful places like Aliqapu, Hasht- Beheshtand Chehel-Sotun and also famous mosques like Imam and Sheikh-Lotf-Allah represent the glory of Safavid Decorational architecture. Armenians, One of those groups who had been made to immigrate to Isfahan by Shah Abbass (the first). needed their cultural essentials to provide their moral and material life in Safavid Capital. So, their need of worship places, made them to get the permission of Safavid court, to build churches. Among churches Of Safavid era, Van, Beit -Lahm, Saint Maria, Saint Peter ..., et can be mentioned artists decorating these churches, influenced by Safavid architectural styles and they even used Islamic architectural Decorations to decorate churches. In present essay, the impression of Safavid architectural Decorations on the Decoration of these buildings has explored. So the main aims of the essay are as follow:I. To identify architectural characteristics of Armenianchurches in Isfahan besides Islamic architecture of Safavid era:To study the nature and amount of Safavid architectural effectson Isfahan churches Decoration. Also these questions are answered:2.How Safavid Islamic architecture has influenced the Decorationsof Armenian churches in Isfahan?3. On which one of Safavid buildings or Churches of Isfahan such influences can be evident?4. On which parts of churches the styles of Safavid decorative elements can be better evident?The essay materials have been compiled from historical literature, documents, pictures and photos available. Arranging andediting has also been done through descriptive,analytical and comparative method.

This research delves into the influence of shot peening on the mechanical behavior of three-dimensional metal-polymer-metal composites when subjected to high-velocity impacts. The primary objective was to assess how the compressive residual stresses induced by shot peening contribute to enhancing the mechanical resistance, increasing the ballistic limit, reducing crack propagation rates, and augmenting energy absorption capabilities of these composites. We prepared specimens with varying nanoclay content (0%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) and tested them in two distinct states: shot-peened and unpeened. High-velocity impact tests were executed using a helium gas gun at a consistent impact velocity of 235 meters per second. The results unequivocally demonstrated that shot peening significantly reduced the impact crater diameter, enhanced surface toughness, and mitigated the growth rate of radial cracks. Notably, the 5% nanoclay specimens that underwent shot peening exhibited the most superior performance, recording the smallest impact locus diameter, the highest ballistic limit, and the maximum absorbed energy. Conversely, increasing the nanoclay content to 7% in unpeened specimens led to stress concentration, a reduction in surface toughness, and an accelerated radial crack growth rate. Analysis of the fracture mechanisms revealed that unpeened specimens displayed extensive and irregular radial cracks. In contrast, the shot-peened specimens exhibited shorter and more densified crack networks. Consequently, we propose that shot peening, when combined with a 5% nanoclay concentration, serves as an effective strategy for improving the impact resistance of multi-layered composites against high-velocity projectile threats

This is a translation of some parts of Chapter 11 in  I Want to be a Mathematician  (1985)‎, ‎by Paul R‎. ‎Halmos.