The Definition of "curriculum" has been the subject of scholarly debate for decades. This commentary revisits one of the most widely accepted Definitions of curriculum in health profession education and offers a revised Definition. The authors aim to emphasize the importance of planned and unplanned learning experiences in the Definition of curriculum. Also, the key role of students’ support to help students make the most of their learning from the un-planned experiences is highlighted. In cases where the holistic learning experiences are neglected, the school is unlikely to achieve its ultimate goals.

Presence of plurality and diversity in the Definitions of religion doesn't mean either non-productive theoretical endeavor of the previous researchers of religion or an impediment to continue through later researchers of religion. Significantly, attainment of their tenor and overcome upon their multiplicity are the things that are acquired through typology. The most prevalent typology, thus, from Definitions of religion, is its separation on the basis of a Substantive or a Functional that was not being able to fully cover the existing and conceivable entities and consequently, another foundation was borrowed as a reductive or non-reductive. This diversification, apart from the above-mentioned help, provided opportunities and conditions for offering another Definition of religion that enjoys larger coverage and conformity compared to the existing Definitions. The religion as motivate and expresser of path and destination of transcendence, is the accepted Definition of this article whose credence, apart from logical reasons, has been taken out from the interpretations of researchers about the religion.

Abstract: Definition of "knowledge" is one of the most important and at the same time the most challenging problems in the history of "epistemology". Farabi -heavily influenced by Plato's epistemological system, especially in the treatises "Theaetetus", "Meno", "Republic", "Euthyphro" and "Phaedo"- considers the possible and desired knowledge as "certain knowledge" in the field of worldview and theoretical and non-evident propositions. His Definition of "certain knowledge" or "logical certainty in its most specific sense" includes the four pillars of "firm, true and stable belief". Almost all Muslim philosophers, logicians and epistemologists, including the ancients, the late ones and the contemporaries, have embraced the above Definition and made their efforts to confirm and complete it. Leaving out the term "truth", however, Avicenna apparently turned to present a "tripartite Definition" of knowledge. Regarding the absence of the term "truth" in Avicenna's Definition of "knowledge", two hypotheses can generally be imagined: renunciation and deviation, or his adherence to the celebrated Definition. Researchers of philosophy and epistemology have accepted the second hypothesis and have proposed at least two interpretations and justifications in order to prove their claim. In their research and by accepting the second hypothesis, the authors have critically repudiated the arguments for other authors presenting a third and novel interpretation. Having cited four evidences from Avicenna's own works, the authors have vindicated the main claim (i.e. Avicenna's commitment and adherence to the Quadruple Definition of Farabi and celebrated philosophers and the fact that Avicenna's omission of the term "truth" in the Definition of knowledge is merely a matter of formality).

Definition, as the logicians say, is a mechanism for getting the unknown part in imaginations. For knowing something truly, there is no way except resorting to Definition. Now the question is where and when Definition can have such a usage. Finding a part of the answer will derive us to discussion about the conditions of Definition, some of which are the formal conditions. Among the most important formal conditions of Definition are the composition and the way the elements of Definition are formulated. However, accepting these conditions necessitates more discussions; this shows the complexity of this discussion and leads us to the fact that Definition is not just a logical discussion; rather, it has a philosophical and epistemological identity as well as linguistic dimensions.

Since 1899, when the term geopolitics was first devised by Kjellen, it has undergone many ups and downs and experienced many conceptual changes. That is why it still suffers from the lack of a relatively comprehensive Definition to show its scientific identity.Among the Definitions presented, those denoting the unidirectional deterministic influence of geographical factors on political issues are more prevalent. There are still some indicating the bilateral relations between geography and politics, or spatial analysis of relations and structures of power as well as global rivalary. None of these, however, enjoy a relative comprehensibility.Having examined 20 Definitions, the author has tried to present a new Definition for the term geopolotics, based on the three elements of geography, power, and politics.

Lead poisoning has been recognized for thousands of years but remains an occupational and environmental hazard worldwide. While some have attrib­uted its first recognition to Hippocrates around 500 BC, the first description that approximates modern understanding of the disease is found in a poem by Nikan­der of Colophon in 200 BC….