This study was aimed to investigate the suitability of a modified method to get decellularised human amniotic membrane (DHAM). The obtained membrane was subjected to physico-chemical and biological evaluations to validate its potential for biomedical applications. The human amniotic membrane was processed with detergent and alkali followed by enzymatic treatments. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson’s trichrome staining of membrane were in accordance with conjectures: the decellularised membrane stained for extracellular matrix is rich in collagen. Scanning electron micrograph also showed the Denudation in the processed membrane with the cellular impressions on the basement membrane. Physical characteristics namely the differential scanning calorimetric, tensile, shrinkage behaviour and the Fourier transform infrared spectra of decellularised membrane showed its stability and intact structure similar to the unprocessed membrane. In the visible range of light, the membrane was found to be transparent from 90 to 98%. Proliferation rate of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, myoblasts and hepatocytes were significantly upregulated compared to the control. The cell morphologies were normal and differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes were more pronounced in decellularised membrane. Proliferation of corneal limbal cells on decellularised membrane showed 92-100% confluency on day 21 and the migrated cells displayed a spindle shape and changing later to a more cuboidal appearance.

Background: Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is the choice option for treatment of couples with severe male infertility. Recent studies indicate that the ICSI procedure or the technique itself cannot increase chromosomal abnormalities observed in born children. It maybe result of the Materialss used during ICSI procedure such as PVP and hyalorunidase. Activation of the oocytes might be caused by pipetting procedure and exposure to the hyalorunidase. The microinjection technique has been completely standardized, but some other procedures such as oocyte Denudation still need more attention.Materials and Methods: In the present study, 358 oocytes from 58 cycles were evaluated. Cumulus and corona cells were removed in two pipetting steps: first in a medium containing hyaluronidase, and then in a medium without enzyme. We recorded the exposure time of oocytes to hyaluronidase and mechanical pipeting duration (without enzyme). Oocytes were put in a single droplet of G1 media., Procedures were performed by a single embryologist in 6 month. Post-ICSI fertilization rate and blastomere number as well as embryo quality were assessed.Results: No statistically significant differences were found between the exposure time of oocytes to hyaluronidase with blastomere number, embryo quality and fertilization rate, but duration of mechanical pipetting had prominent effect on fertilization rate (p=0.001), embryo quality (p=0.02).Conclusion: Our result showed that mechanical Denudation had adverse effect on subsequent oocyte fertilization potential. It is possible that, these effects are caused by suboptimal situation of oocyte out of incubator or mechanical effect due to pipetting. So, to achived the best result of ICSI procedure, we should minimize the time of oocyte Denudation.

Prior to ICSI the cumulus-oophorous-complex of the oocyte is commonly remove with impure animal-derived hyaluronidase of low strength. The lower strength of the enzyme, the high concentration of impurities and the necessity of extensive time-dependent mechanical Denudation damages of the oocytes, increases the risk of lysing the oocytes and the transfer of animal-derived pathogens. All this can be avoided by using a highly pure, non-toxic and effective recombinant human hyaluronidase, which requires less mechanical Denudation, reduces oocyte damage, increases fertilization, embryo quality and pregnancy rates. During the ICSI procedure the sperm are subjectively selected. However, it is now possible to Backgroundly select motile sperm, via their hyaluron receptors, of a better morphology, higher chromatin stability and lower incidence of aneuploidy, which improves fertilization rates, embryo quality, blastulation and ongoing pregnancy rates -“Physiological ICSI”.

Kuhbanan fault system, as one of the intracontinental faults of central Iran, is recognized by considerable seismogenic activities and modern morphotectonics evidences with a strike-slip (reverse component) motion. According to the geometric and kinematics data, Kuhbanan fault has been divided into 5 segments (S26, S27, S28, S29, S30) in Bahabad region. Measured geomorphic indices of ratio of valley-floor width to valley height (Vf) and morphology of the valley (V) manifest the maximum Denudation rate for the S28 segment. The mean calculated values of mountain-front sinuosity (Smf) and %facet parameters for different segments of the fault are 1.1 and 83.16, consequently. Regarding to these geomorphic indices, a Denudation rate of about 2-4 mmyr-1 is suggested for this region. According to reconstruction of Kuhbanan fault since 360 ka, minimum horizontal cumulative displacement of 750 m and minimum slip rate of about 2-1.4±0.1 mmyr-1 is inferred from well preserved geomorphology in the northern segment of the fault. Applying this horizontal cumulative displacement causes reconstruction of geomorphic markers such as drainages and shuttered ridges.