A B S T R A C T Transformations such as globalization, the contiguity of geographical spaces, as well as developments in the field of military technologies have transformed the issue of defense as the main factor for the survival of countries. Because the transformation from hard to soft war and then the smart war in recent decades has changed the approaches to defense. These transformations have led to the development of discussions about defense purposes. Meanwhile, Middle East countries have a prominent position and importance in terms of defense due to their special conditions. This article has tried to investigate the basic Dimensions affecting the defense of foreign countries with descriptive and analytical methods, using library and field findings and Smart-PLS software. The results of the current research show that the effective components in the current research include 130 items that are placed in the form of 15 Dimensions. The importance of these Dimensions in defense of the Middle East countries is, respectively, geopolitical dimension with a 0.43 score, military dimension with a 0.41 score, economic dimension with a 0.41 score, political dimension with a 0.39 score, hydrology dimension with a 0.34 score, security dimension with a 0.32 score, social dimension with a 0.29 score, demographic dimension with a 0.28 score, cultural dimension with a 0.26 score, scientific-health dimension with a 0.25 score, geomorphological dimension with a 0.25 score, mathematical dimension with a 0.2 score, climatic dimension with a 0.2 score, biological dimension with a 0.2 score and soil dimension with a 0.18 score. Extended Abstract Introduction Security and defense are among the most vital issues for the preservation and survival of countries. In fact, defense and military affairs are necessary for countries' independence and political, cultural and economic development. Among them, geography and political geography are prominent fields that directly affect defense issues. Actions taken by a country in Dimensions (political, military, economic, etc.) in order to maintain security and territorial integrity, guarantee independence and protection of its people against any enemy attack, will organize the geographical (spatial) environment, wise and appropriate distribution of critical places and sensitive centers and infrastructures are identified by taking into account the threats and the correct use of environmental capacities in political, economic, social, cultural, etc. Dimensions, and as a result, it can lead to stability and stability in the country's geographical space. The design of defense planning model according to the economic, cultural, political and environmental features in the new era when countries are facing external and internal threats as a sub-branch of territorial planning has received the attention and importance of officials and governance systems in order to be able to reduce these threats with accurate and systematic planning in the geographical space, defense planning is not separate from the flow of national and regional planning. It is important to pay attention to it based on the type and amount of external and internal threats to governance. Due to the expansion of the security circle, the government is not only responsible for creating military security. However, it must also exercise part of its authority in the direction of territorial management. On the other hand, there has been a transformation in the form of threats and wars based on changes and the movement from hard to soft war and finally, smart war is the basis for reviewing and recognizing the components that can be used in defense of countries, including the Middle East countries, have a prominent position and importance. Despite the internal differences between countries, the Middle East has commonalities and connections that can directly affect the overall defense of this geographical space.   Methodology In terms of type and purpose, the current research is fundamentally applied. Also, it is descriptive and analytical in terms of nature. This research, in addition to the correct and realistic depiction of the defense situation of the Middle East countries, it is tried to provide a suitable model for the defense of the countries. The sources used in the current research are library and field sources (questionnaires). According to the subject of the current research, the statistical population of this research is a collection of people, experts and elites who have sufficient knowledge, experience and expertise regarding the research topic, which is the design of the defense model, according to the nature of the Delphi pattern model, at least the statistical population based on the sources should be between twenty and fifty people to reach statistical saturation. The number of selected samples included 51 people who were identified in the form of a non-random sampling pattern and introduced as a statistical sample in the framework of the Delphi model. Due to the qualitative nature of this research, it has been tried to use the Delphi model in the framework of the targeted non-random model. Therefore, based on these cases, the current research has selected the maximum statistical population of 51 elites, experts, and opinionated people in this field. In this research, to evaluate the research hypotheses in the form of the hardness equations model, the partial least squares method and the SMART-PLS software, which is a variance-based path modeling technique and provides the possibility of checking the theory and metrics simultaneously, have been exerted.   Results and discussion In this research, approaches such as political, military, cultural, etc., in the field of land use have been discussed. In the meantime, the defense of countries as an emerging approach is significant. According to the developments in geographical spaces, such as the evolution of military-defense technologies, the connection of geographical spaces to each other and most importantly, the movement from hard and soft war to smart war has witnessed a transformation and wide attention in a way that countries are suited to these developments are trying to prepare the geographical space of their country in terms of defense. Therefore, the defense planning of the Middle East countries as a geographical region has great importance from a geopolitical and strategic point of view, which indicates that the countries of this region face threats and complex defense-security issues in different ways.   Conclusion The results of the present research show that the defense planning in developing countries should be considered according to their characteristics, considering all 15 Dimensions, which include 130 components. In the design of the defense planning of these countries, attention should be paid to the weight and importance of the shaping Dimensions. In general, it can be said that the defense planning of the Middle East countries is proportional to the geographical features of these countries and on the other hand, considering the developments in the field of threats and moving from hard to smart war, 15 Dimensions should be considered for the defense of these countries.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

An introduction to research in family sociology in Iran has been written by Abbas Abdi with the aim of studying the evolution of the family and emphasizing the research dimension of the family. The purpose of this article is to examine the various Dimensions of this book with a critical approach that is based on the conventional pattern of critical essays. The findings of the present article show that the criticisms of the book are in informal, structural and content areas, the most important of which include the lack of objective examples of claims and theories, lack of up-to-date sources, poor demographic analysis and lack of focus on topics such as the Ethics roots of the family and so on. Accordingly, this article, focusing on the formal and content Dimensions of the work and relying on research citations, has tried to add to the richness of the book’ s topics.

Organizational structure presents a stable and permanent framework that can help the organization members so that they move effectively toward achievement of organizational purposes. Achievement to effectiveness in organization, requires changing approach and application of changes in structure of organizations according to environmental changes, strategy and size of organization. Therefore this research investigates the influence of content Dimensions (environmental factors, strategy, and size) on structural Dimensions (formality, complexity, and centralization) in organizational design. The influence of content Dimensions on structural Dimensions has been studied as an instance in Governmental Penalty Organization and its structural Dimensions consequently revealed the high or upper than normal tendency of complexity, formality and centralization according to content Dimensions.

The purpose of the current work is to examine the universality of the color emotion Dimensions for single colors. Different scales in color emotion are investigated for single colors in CIELAB color space within a psychophysical experiment. The current work, in which ten word pairs were applied, is a development of the Ou’s study among Iranian observers. The applied word pairs are “Warm-Cool”, “Active-Passive”, “Like-Dislike”, “Clean-Dirty”, “Fresh-Stale”, “Modern- Classical”, “Heavy-Light”, “Hard-Soft”, “Tense-Relaxed” and “Masculine-Feminine”, which are translated into Persian, accordingly. The psychophysical experiment is carried out by forty Iranian university students. All of the observations are divided into two groups of “male” and “female” as well as two cultural groups in Iran and the effect of gender and culture are investigated.Data are analyzed using the method of factor analysis (FA). Three factors are extracted, accounting for 91.8 % of the total variance among Iranian. Color emotional Dimensions of Iranians are divided into three categories, namely, Color Activity, Color Weight and Color Heat. These three color emotional Dimensions agree well with the ones in the Ou's models. Results show that there is no significant effect of gender and culture on Iranian color emotional responses. The results of the present research are compared to the results in the Ou's research, and it is shown that the correlation coefficients values between color emotion scales are equal or more than the ones obtained in the Ou’s research. Also, the relationship between the color emotional responses of Iranian, British and Chinese, reported by Ou [5], are obtained using correlation coefficients (r). Apart from “Like-Dislike” and “Tense-Relaxed” color emotion scales, there is a good agreement between different emotional responses of Iranian, British and Chinese observers.

Translation is an activity of enormous importance in modern world and it is a subject of interest not only to translation scholars, linguists, professional and amateur translators and language teachers but also to electronic engineers and mathematicians. Translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). The central problem of translation practice is that of finding TL translation equivalents. The present paper elaborates on the nature of translation equivalence and its components from different perspectives in the hope of making translators cognizant of the deliberate task they carry out in the process of translation.