INTRODUCTION: Enuresis is one of the most common problems in child psychiatry, which can cause considerable behavioral problems. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between enuresis and behavioral problems in children.METHODS: This is an analytical-descriptive study which used the case-control method based on the diagnostic criteria of the American Psychiatric Association. The case group consisted of 125 functional enuretic children and the control group consisted of 250 children aged between 5 and 13 years. The two groups were compared in the year 1999. The tools used for collecting data were interviews with parents and children, a questionnaire addressing enuresis, and the Eyeberg checklist of behavior.RESULTS: The results of this study show that enuretic children have more behavioral problems compared to non-enuretic children (P<0.0001). No relationship was found between enuresis, the type of enuresis and a positive family history of enuresis. DISCUSSION: Enuretic children, especially boys displayed more behavioral problems; hence behavioral assessment is necessary in addition to enuresis treatment in order to prevent educational, personality and behavioral problems in the future.

In parallel with the expansion of cyberspace, cyber warfare has also expanded as a tool for exerting power against various countries. The imposition of legal restrictions on them has become inevitable. In the realm of international criminal law, imposing limitations of the laws of war on cyberattacks, which differ from conventional warfare, faces challenges. Because the regulations governing the laws of war and war crimes has been formulated to align with conventional warfare. Yet disruptive cyberattacks on critical infrastructure are a type of cyberwarfare that, without causing physical effects similar to conventional wars and solely through non-physical impacts on a country's vital infrastructure, are considered capable of producing consequences more severe than those of conventional wars. Employing a descriptive-analytical method and gathering materials through a library-based approach, this study addresses its central question whether under the existing framework of the Rome Statute, disruptive cyberattacks on critical infrastructure could constitute war crimes particularly Article 8 on war crimes. Ultimately, it holds the view that by adopting a dynamic interpretation of the concept of 'intensity' under existing regulations, it can be affirmed the possibility of cyber conflict and war crimes via  severe disruptions to critical infrastructure. However, this approach will face challenges when dealing with critical infrastructure with dual-use.

Objectives: In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), children with severe nonepisodic irritability are diagnosed as disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) and this diagnosis is included in the mood disorder section. The current study aimed to know whether the DMDD is a subgroup of bipolar disorder (BD) or an independent disorder. Method: For gathering valid English and Persian data, Medline, PsycINFO, Scopus, and DSM databases for English and SID for Persian resources were searched and reviewed until Summer of 2013.Results: Up until now research comparing severe and permanent (nonepisodic) irritabilities (equivalent to DMDD) with BD indicate that BD and DMDD are similar in severity and functional impairment, and different in gender distribution, familial clustering, course and prognosis, comorbidities and neuropsychophysiologic functions. In following years, children with DMDD are more likely to suffer from unipolar depressive and anxiety disorders, but BD has not been seen among them.Conclusion: The DMDD seems not to be a subgroup of BD and rather it should be included as an independent diagnosis in the mood disorder section. The DSM editors need to be flexible enough to make necessary revisions encountering further new findings.

Background and Aim: Disruptive behavior includes any inappropriate behavior, conflict, and confrontation, ranging from verbal abuse to physical or even sexual harassment which results in the injury or intimidation of others. Purpose of this study was to evaluate the disruptive behaviors prevalence and atmosphere governing physiciansnurse relationships in the therapeutic community. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study in which 248 health care setting staffs of Isfahan teaching hospitals were enrolled in the study by whole sampling method. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire on disruptive behaviors with multiple-choice questions during the year 2017. Data were reported using descriptive statistics in SPSS software. Findings: 163 (65. 7%) participants were female and the rest were male, 82 (33. 1%) were from Al-Zahra Hospital and 105 (42. 3%) were working in the emergency department. 212 (85. 5%) of the respondents witnessed disruptive behaviors by physicians as well as nurses and 200 (80. 6%) witnessed disruptive behaviors by other hospital staff. 17 (6. 9%) and 148 (59. 7%) of answerers were reported there is very positive and relatively positive relationship between nurse and doctor. Ethical Considerations: This article is the result of a research project approved by Code 292272 in the Research Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Prior to the study, informed consent was obtained from all respondents. Conclusion: Since disruptive behavior has a high incidence among physicians and nurses and has a negative impact on their relationship, having an efficient management system for everyone and providing communication training is of paramount importance.