Purpose: Nowadays, there are many physical and chemical methods available for urinary stone analysis. According to the latest guidelines, infrared spectroscopy (IR) or x-ray diffraction (XRD) are the two preferred methods in this issue. Therefore, we decided to do a practical comparison between the two above-mentioned techniques with a reference method in order to set up a proper analysis method in our clinical laboratories. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 kidney stones were obtained at Labbafinejad hospital through open surgery or percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Then stone analysis techniques included both a morphological examination by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and internal structure analysis by EDAX (Elemental distribution analysis X-ray), XRD, IR and wet chemical analysis. SEM together with EDAX (SEM-EDAX) was considered as reference methods. Results: The results of XRD had the highest agreement with SEM-EDAX analysis (93%), while the total agreement of FTIR and wet chemical analysis was 81% and 71% respectively. The agreement of FTIR for calcium oxalate stones was acceptable (90%), but for uric acid and cystine stones was challenging (65% and 76% respectively). Conclusion: Our results revealed that XRD is more reliable than FTIR; but considering cost issues, FTIR is more suitable for routine clinical laboratory. Moreover, wet chemical analysis, which is routinely used in our laboratories is insufficient for stone analysis and it is mandatory to be replaced by techniques that are more accurate.

Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using medicinal plant extract treated to environmentally friendly, stable, cost-effective. Present work to study In-vitro antioxidant and cytotoxicity of green synthesised CuNPs using P. Pellucida plant extract. Copper nanoparticles were synthesised biogenically using P. Pellucida plant aqueous extract. CuNPs Characterised by using FE-SEM, U. V., FT-IR, EDAX. Biogenically synthesised copper nanoparticles conducted in-vitro Antioxidant (DPPH) and cytotoxicity (SK-MEL-3 cell). The results CuNPs were characterised by using U. V. spectroscopy absorbance 575 nm. Scanning electronic microscope showing the distribution and shape (5-20 nm) of the nanoparticles. X-ray spectrum showed different peaks for CuNPs detected at 2θ,values 35. 45°, , 44. 32°, , and 65. 25°, . EDAX elemental spectroscopy conformed to the copper metal inside the nanoparticle (69. 7%). The synthesised CuNPs showed good free radical scavenger activity than the ascorbic acid, and it also showed significant cytotoxicity (16μ, g/mL) against human skin cell lines (SK-MEL-3 cell). The current study conclusion recommended that green synthesised (P. Pellucida) CuNPs be used for therapeutic application.

Oxide nanoparticles can exhibit unique physical and chemical properties due to their limited size and a high density of corner or edge surface sites. In this study, MgO nanoparticle was synthesized using Mg (CH3COO) 2 and hexamethylenetetramine as starting materials. The structure and optical properties of these particles are investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-Visible absorption. The XRD analysis discloses that MgO nanoparticle is successfully synthesized. Dispersive analysis of X-RAY (EDAX) was used to characterize the size and morphology of the MgO nanoparticle on the template. The morphology of MgO was nanospheres.

In this study, an innovative method is used in the synthesis of Pd-doped CeO2 nanoparticles through co-precipitation, with a focus on an extensive characterization of their structural, optical, and magnetic properties. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirm a cubic structure via XRD and spherical morphology through SEM, respectively. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) further corroborated the presence of Pd, Ce, and O constituents in these nanoparticles. An intriguing finding revolves around the optical band gap, as Pd concentration increased, the optical band gap diminished from 2.92 eV to 2.25 eV, spanning from Pd0.00 Ce100O2 to Pd5.0 Ce95.0O2. Chemical bonding analysis via X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the presence of Ce, O, and Pd elements with distinct binding energies: Ce 3d at 850–920 eV, O1s at 530 eV, and Pd 3d at 360 eV. Additionally, Raman spectra displayed a prominent peak at 464.01 cm-1, indicating a slight deviation from the bulk CeO2's typical Raman active mode at 459 cm-1, hinting at potential phonon confinement effects due to reduced particle size. Besides, magnetic studies unveiled enhanced properties in 5% Pd-doped CeO2, transitioning from diamagnetic to paramagnetic behaviour.

The Myco silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are synthesized through bio-reduction reaction of silver nitrate by cell-free filtrate of endophytic fungi, which act as both reducing and capping agent. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was confirmed through UV-VIS spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Energy Dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX) was used to study the structure, morphology, shape, and composition of synthesized nanoparticles. The efficacy of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was tested against the pathogenic bacterial strains such as K. pneumonia, A. Baumannii, P. mirabilis, S. Typhimurium, P. aeruginosa and E. Coli. The myco silver nano particles treatment significantly reduced the growth of all the bacterial species tested in this study. The results suggested that myco nanoparticles can be utilized as an alternative to antibiotics or to break antimicrobial resistance.

The present study evaluates the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) mediated by xerophytic plants, Cynanchum viminale and Cynanchum sarcomedium. The reaction between plant extracts and silver nitrate solution resulted in a yellowish brown/dark brown colored solution which suggests the formation of SNPs. Physical characteristics of synthesized SNPs were determined using UV-Vis spectral, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) analyses. The UV-Vis spectrum showed a maximum absorbance of SNPs at 500 nm for SNPs synthesized by C. viminale whereas maximum absorbance of 1.87 was observed at 400 nm for C. sarcomedium. Agglomerated nanoparticles were synthesized by C. viminale with an average diameter of ~ 60-68 nm as depicted by SEM. Nearly spherical nanoparticles of average size of ~ 60-85 nm were obtained by C. sarcomedium extract. A strong signal of silver at 3 KeV was confirmed by EDAX analysis for SNPs produced by both plants. Thus, the present green synthesis offers a viable and an ecofriendly way of fabrication of benign SNPs without any huge inputs in terms of energy and waste.