Hippotherapy, such as horseback riding, com-bines gait, balance, motor behavior, pelvic movements, muscle symmetry, emotional, and psychosocial parameters (1-2). Recently, horse-back riding exercises have been found to be an effective therapy for patients with cerebral palsy and autism spectrum disorders (3-4). . . .

Background & Aim: Iatrogenic paraplegia during spine surgery is a devastating complication. Preventing such complications is important. (IOM) serves to help such patients/surgeons with successful surgeries and better post-op outcome using the IOM modalities.Methods & Materials/Patients: A retrospective data review was done on 153 consecutive patients. Somatosensory- Evoked-Potentials (SSEPs), Transcranial-Motor-Evoked-Potentials (TcMEPs), ELECTROMYOGRAMS (EMGs) & Triggered-ELECTROMYOGRAMS (TEMGs/screw stimulation) were studied.Results: 153 patients (n=104 females, n=49 males) with average age of 17 years and cob-angle ranged between 40-140 degrees were studied. TcMEP changes were noticed in n=56, 36.6%.TcMEP change resulting from surgical maneuvers n=43, 28.10%. TcMEP changes resulted from direct injury to the cord n=16, 10.45% & mechanical intervention (decompression/hemivertebrectomy/correction) n=15, 9.80%. Mal-positioned screws n=12, 7.83%. Within this group n=9, 5.8% presented with both SSEP and TcMEP changes. Changes in TcMEP, due to anesthesia n=10, 6.53%. EMG irritation lasting>15 seconds in lumbar roots, n=14, 9.15%. Within this group, TcMEP drop noticed in 4 patients suggesting 25% predictability were observed. TEMG changes in n=81, 52.9%, where in n=42, 27.4% screws were<6mA.TcMEP change, n=12, 7.83%, all fell under this group of screws below 6mA.3018 screws were placed in 153 patients with 19.73 screws/ patient.89 scre ws, 2.94% fell under dangerous/severe category.Conclusion: Our data showed that enhanced safety with comprehensive IOM in deformity surgeries, hence IOM was extremely important during such procedures.

Background and Objective: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is among the critical sleep disorders, and researchers have been investigating its novel diagnostic methods. Polysomnography signals' complexity, difficult visual interpretation, and the need for an efficient algorithm based on simpler signals have made the study of sleep apnea a compelling issue. In this study, the accuracy of chin electromyogram in the diagnosis of OSA was evaluated. Materials and Methods: The amplitude variation and power spectral density (PSD) of chin ELECTROMYOGRAMS of 100 patients during apnea and before-after apnea occurrences (non-apnea) periods were compared after complete processing of the raw signal. Two-dimensional (2D) spectrograms related to the specified periods were extracted and fed into the residual neural network (ResNet). The network performance was reported by model evaluation parameters. Results: The results showed that OSA event influences the patient's chin muscle and increases the amplitude variances and power spectrum of the chin electromyogram. The ResNet-50 deep model classified the dataset of this sleep disorder with about 97% accuracy, which was higher than previous studies in this field. Conclusion: Chin electromyogram can be introduced as a practical and useful biosignal for accurate OSA diagnosis with a deep classifier without the need for current specialized equipment and multiple vital signals.

Background: Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP) are short-latency ELECTROMYOGRAMS (EMG) evoked by high-level acoustic stimuli that recorded from surface electrodes over the contracted sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle and are presumed to originate in the saccule. The goal of present study was recording the VEMP response and determining the effects of stimulus type (click and tone bursts) on it's results in a group of normal adult subjects.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical study the effects of click and tone burst stimuli on latency and amplitude of VEMP recording were examined by simple randomized sampling over 30 adults subjects ranging in age from 25 to 35 years with normal hearing sensitivity and no history of vestibular disease.Results: VEMP recorded in all subjects using 95 dBnHL tone burst stimuli, and in 26 subjects with click stimulus in the both ears. The response amplitude of VEMP with tone burst stimuli was better than click stimulus, and the largest amplitude was obtained by 500 Hz stimulus frequency. VEMP latency was independent of stimulus type and frequency.Conclusion: Type and frequency of stimulus do not affect VEMP response, and use of 500 Hz tone burst stimulus reveals the largest amplitude, that can be considered in clinical applications.