Objective: Female sex hormones have a pro-inflammatory effect, which may help to minimize inflammation. Estrogen's immunoregulatory properties play a significant role in the bi-directional neuroendocrine-immune activity in females. As a result, sex hormones can play a role in men's high mortality rate from coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19). It is aimed to clarify the role of 17-ESTRADIOL (E2) in the battle against COVID-19. Materials and methods: Until April 2021, a study on PubMed was performed. COVID-19, 17-ESTRADIOL (E2), immunoregulatory properties, pregnancy, menopausal symptoms, hormonal therapy, ER/ expression on immune cells, and mortality were some of the concepts used in the search. Results: Regulation of pro-inflammatory immune processes against COVID-19 appears to be associated with increased immune function (pro-inflammatory), anti-inflammatory regulation, and antiviral defense. Women with a severe coronavirus infection had higher serum IgG antibody levels than men, and their IgG production was faster in the early stages of infection. 17-ESTRADIOL (E2) levels of blood will increase by 100-fold during pregnancy. COVID-19 in pregnant women had a 15-fold lower mortality rate than other women. While menopause replacement therapy (MRT) for pre/post-menopausal women and its effectiveness in reducing COVID-19 infection is debatable. Conclusion: MRT may be considered as a viable treatment option for pre/post-menopause women with coronavirus, referring to the fact that sex hormones reduce inflammatory responses and modulate ACE2 expression. The task's difficulty and achieving the desired outcome seem to be challenging.

Estrogen as a female sex hormone involved in reproductive system has also many important metabolic effects. This hormone could exert beneficial protective effect on the cardiovascular system of women. This protective effect is due to its effects on liver and plasma lipids and lipoproteins. In this study, the effect of two different doses of ESTRADIOL and ethinyl ESTRADIOL valerate on concentrations of serum lipids and lipoproteins in female rats (n = 30) were investigated. For this purpose, two concentrations (0.1 and 1 mg/ml) of hormones were prepared. Thereafter, 4 different test groups were daily injected with 0.2 ml of one concentration. The control group received only 0.2 ml of sesame oil. ESTRADIOL was injected subcutaneously daily for two months. During all experiments, rats received normal standard pelleted food. Finally, blood samples were taken and the concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, HDL and LDL were measured using autoanalyzer. The results suggested that ethinyl ESTRADIOL and ESTRADIOL valerate may decrease concentrations of the serum total cholesterol and LDL. It was also indicated that ethinyl ESTRADIOL increases the concentrations of serum triglyceride and VLDL, but none of them have any effect on serum HDL concentration.

Background: Hormones are chemical substances that can disrupt the processes and functions of the endocrine system in both humans and animals. The objective of this study is to examine the degradation of beta-ESTRADIOL 17 (E2) hormone through the ultrasound/ferrate process in aqueous solutions and the possibility of chloroform formation as a disinfection byproduct. Methods: The experiments were conducted using a 250 mL glass container. An ultrasound device operating at frequencies between 24 kHz and 80 kHz, with a maximum power of 200 W, was used as the ultrasound source. Potassium ferrate was employed as the oxidizing agent. The effects of various operating parameters, including reaction time, pH, E2 hormone concentration, ferrate concentration, and ultrasound intensity, were evaluated. After the oxidation process, the sample underwent ultraviolet/chlorine radiation to examine the potential formation of chloroform as a disinfection byproduct. Results: The results indicate that the ferrate-ultrasound system exhibited the highest pollutant removal efficiency, followed by ultrasound and ferrate individually. Specifically, the rates of removal were 0.123 min-1 for the ferrate-ultrasound system, 0.103 min-1 for ultrasound, and 0.0076 min-1 for ferrate. Furthermore, the optimal conditions for E2 hormone removal were found to be pH 3, a ferrate dose of 200 mg/L, an ultrasound frequency intensity of 80 kHz, and an E2 hormone concentration of 100 mg/L, resulting in 100% removal. The study also found that the highest amount of chloroform formed was associated with the ultrasound, ferrate, and ferrate-ultrasound systems, respectively. Additionally, the potential for chloroform formation was higher in ultraviolet/chlorine conditions compared to chlorine alone. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate the efficacy of the ultrasound-ferrate method in oxidizing E2 hormones and its potential to mitigate the formation of disinfection byproducts.

Dear Editor Dear Editor, we would like to share ideas on “, ESTRADIOL and COVID-19: Does 17-ESTRADIOL Have an ImmuneProtective Function in Women Against Coronavirus? (1). ”,Zangeneh and Shoushtari concluded that “, MRT may be considered as a viable treatment option for pre/post-menopause women with coronavirus, referring to the fact that sex hormone (1). ”,We agree that ESTRADIOL might be clinically applicable for management of COVID-19. In a recent study, a shortterm ESTRADIOL supplement provided clinical advantage for management of non-severe COVID-19 (2). In addition to immunoprotective mechanism, ESTRADIOL might have also had usefulness via oxidative pathological pathway (3). . .

Background: Endometriosis is a complex estrogen-dependent disease that is defined as the presence of endometrial gland and stroma outside the uterine cavity. Although the exact mechanism for the development of endometriosis remains unclear, there is a large body of research data and circumstantial evidence that suggests a crucial role of estrogen in the establishment and maintenance of this disease.Objective: This study is an attempt to assess the effect of curcumin on inhibiting endometriosis endometrial cells and to investigate whether such an effect is mediated by reducing ESTRADIOL production.Materials and Methods: Endometriotic stromal cells, normal endometrial stromal cells, endometriotic epithelial cells and normal endometrial epithelial cells were isolated and cultured. E2 value of cells and the effect of curcumin on cell proliferation were evaluated. Finally, effect of curcumin on E2 assay was detected.Results: Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay results showed that E2 value of endometriotic epithelial cells was higher than the endometriotic stromal cells (p=0.037), while the expression of E2 in normal endometrial stromal and epithelial cells was extremely low. WST-8 result showed, compared with endometrial stromal cells, ectopic endometriotic stromal cells had a higher growth rate. After intervene with curcumin (10mmol/L, 30mmol/L and 50mmol/L) for 0-96h, the number of endometriotic stromal cells was reduced and cells growth slowed, compared with 0mmol/L group. Compared with 0mmol/L group, E2 level was lower after treatment with curcumin, especially in 30mmol/L and 50mmol/L group.Conclusion: In summary, in this study we found that E2 is important in ectopic endometrium, and epithelial cell is in dominant position with E2 secretion. Curcumin was able to suppress the proliferation of endometrial cells by reducing the E2 value.