Most of underground structures are designed and built to withstand the effects of precision penetrating weapons and heavy bombs in the soil. Usually the depth of the structures is high and there is no possibility of missiles to the main structure. Accordingly, the design of these structures is performed for blast loads. The EXPLOSION phenomenon is a type of high strain rate problem that requires dynamic analysis to solve. Also, due to the interaction between underground structures and soil, the analysis of these structures is affected by any type of nonlinear analysis. Thus, the analysis of underground structures in simulations affected by the EXPLOSION is a high strain rate problem that requires nonlinear dynamic analysis. There are two implicit and explicit solutions to dynamic analysis that, given the EXPLOSION problems, their analysis is explicitly integral. The loading of underground structures is often based on the relationships obtained from theoretical and experimental research. Currently, the most important reference for explosive loading in the field of underground structures is the US code (TM5-855-1) provided by the US army. The numerical simulation methods have recently been widely used as a novel method in the calculation of nonlinear dynamic loads. According to the researchers, among the explicit software available in AUTODYN software, due to its ability to solve very high strain rate problems, it yields good results from simulation and EXPLOSION problem analysis. On the other hand, the explosive loading of underground structures is often based on theoretical and empirical research. In this study, a numerical simulation method was used to analyze and simulate the effect of the surface EXPLOSION on the underground structure. Also, all the simulation steps were performed using AUTODYN hydrocode. In order to analyze the loading and response of underground structures, the effect of the explosive charge weight and the depth of burial of the structure has been studied and the numerical results have been compared with the relationships presented in reliable US scientific and guidance sources. Finally, suggestions are made to improve the loading of these structures. Also, considering the results of the load on the roof of the structure, it was observed that the values of the US code are conservative compared to the other two methods. Therefore, it is recommended not to apply 1. 5 incremental coeficient load to the structure in accordance with this instruction. The numerical simulation results including a comparison of maximum pressure and the velocity values with the values provided in the by code (TM5-855-1) showed that the predicted values for the maximum pressure values larger than of instructions America's Army. The reason for this is that the code assumes that the investigations take place in the full EXPLOSION range (mating coefficient f = 1), while in the numerical model under consideration, the EXPLOSION is formed at the joint surface of air and soil. Hence the coupling coefficient is equal to (f = 0. 4). In other words, the depth of the explosive charge is almost zero and there is little difference between the results.

For this reason and in order to be registered in the medical sources of the world, we plan to register this new type of terrorism injury in the medical sources of the world under the title “pager EXPLOSION trauma" or “pager trauma”. We invite all our colleagues in all countries and especially in Lebanon to publish their articles about the characters of this injury.Based on field observations and expert opinions, it seems that these injuries will cause lifelong disability, and this is a terrible tragedy that needs international response, and these injured patient need urgent specialized treatment at this stage and should be treated in the future.Publishing of experiences and treatments modalities about this injury will help physicians to give better medical services.

Background: Fire and EXPLOSION hazards are considered as the first and second major hazards in process industries. Objective: The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess the fire and EXPLOSION hazardsas well as relative classification of such hazards in a petrochemical industry. Methods: This wasa quantitative study in which the process units were selected based on parameters affecting the risk of fire and EXPLOSION. Later, these parameters were analyzed using DOW’s fire and EXPLOSION index (F&EI). Technical data to determine the index were obtained through process documents and reports as well as the fire and EXPLOSION guideline. Following calculating the DOW’s index, the high and low risk process units were determined. Findings: The stripper column with a rank of 226 and the naphtha tank with a rank of 64 were determined as the most and least disastrous process units. The level of hazardwas determined as severe for columns (F&EI>158), heavy for magna-former reactor and gasoline furnace (127< F&EI£158), and moderate for hydrodealkylation reactor and naphtha tank (61< F&EI£96). The radius of exposure was calculated at 57 meters for stripper column. Conclusion: The fire and EXPLOSION index is a suitable measure to determine the high and low risk areas of an industry. The stripper column as the most disastrous process unit needs more sensitive methods for hazard assessment.

Background: Fire and EXPLOSION accidents cause numerous economical, environmental and human losses in industries.Objective: The aim of this study was to present a new method for fire and EXPLOSION loss estimation by virtue of fire and EXPLOSION index to determine the premium rate.Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study carried out in Bandar Imam petrochemical complex in 2006. Initially, the fire and EXPLOSION index was calculated in selected process units and the hazard radius, equipment value, and the base maximum probable property damage determined. To determine the actual maximum property damage, the loss control credit factor was assessed. Finally, the days’ outage and business interruption losses were estimated.Data analyzed with DOW fire and EXPLOSION software.Findings: The stripper column with 226 F&EI value, actual maximum property damage of about 6.7 million dollars, days’ outage of about 120 days, and business interruption loss of about 89 million dollars was identified as the most critical unit of the factory. The least hazardous unit detected was the Nafta storage tank with 64 F&EI value and actual maximum property damage of about 0.36 million dollars.Conclusion: All factors affecting the fire and EXPLOSION risk were shown to be among the indices that are considered as a base for loss estimation. Business interruption losses are higher than actual maximum property damage and these losses are not insured in Iran industries. In this technique, the effects of control measures on reducing fire and EXPLOSION losses were considered and the estimated losses could be regarded as a base to determine the premium rate.

In all over the world, mining is considered as a high-risk activity that is pregnant with serious disasters not only for miners, engineers, and other people into it, but also for people who live near the mines. In this article, our main purpose is to examine some major mine disasters and safety in mines and the case study is a coal mine in Turkey. Safety in mines is one of the most important issues that need attention. Therefore, it is suggested that existing deficiencies in mines should be removed by continuous monitoring in all devices, equipments, control of Methane and safe separation of coal from a mine. Moreover, we recommend that early warning systems should be installed to alert some EXPLOSIONs, fires and other dangerous events to the fire departments, hospitals, Red Crescent and other major reliefs.Experiences from previous events in mines can help managers and miners. With some plans and projects related to disasters in mines and solution for them, some diseases such as black lung disease or other problems in mines such as carbon monoxide poisoning can forestall a danger. Before Mine owners begin their activity, they must research about the environmental and social effects of their activities. Therefore, they should identify some important hazards and determine some essential tasks to remove them or control risks via collaboration with other scientists.

Introduction: Intravesical EXPLOSIONs are a rarely documented complication of transurethral resection of the prostate or bladder tumor. However an intrarenal EXPLOSION during ureteroscopic fulguration was documented in 1991. We reported 3 cases of an intravesical EXPLOSION resulting in an intrapritoneal bladder rupture during transurethral resection of prostate.

Background and aims: Fire and EXPLOSION hazards are the first and second of major hazards in process industries, respectively. This study has been done to determine fire and EXPLOSION risk severity, radius of exposure and estimating of most probable loss. Methods: In this quantitative study process unit has been selected with affecting parameters on fire and EXPLOSION risk. Then, it was analyzed by DOW's fire and EXPLOSION index (F&EI).Technical data were obtained from process documents and reports, fire and EXPLOSION guideline. After calculating of DOW's index, radius of exposure determined and finally most probable loss was estimated. Results: The results showed an F&EI value of 226 for this process unit. The F&EI was extremely high and unacceptable. Risk severity was categorized in sever class. Radius of exposure and damage factor was calculated 57 meters and 83%, respectively. As well as most probable loss was estimated about 6.7 million dollars.Conclusion: F&EI is a proper technique for risk assessment and loss estimation of fire and EXPLOSION in process industries. Also, It is an important index for detecting high risk and low risk areas in an industry. At this technique, all of factors affecting on fire and EXPLOSION risk was showed as index that is a base for judgment risk class. Finally, estimated losses could be used as a base of fire and EXPLOSION insurance.

A new approach for design of roof system due to the effect of EXPLOSION in confined EXPLOSION structures for the missile workshops Abstract This paper discussed a new method for estimation of the behavior and required weight of roof for the confined EXPLOSION structures. The behavior of EXPLOSION in confined EXPLOSION structures affected by different parameters such as reflected pressure, duration of reflected pressure, gas pressure and duration of gas pressure. The main idea for these types of structures that will use as the missile rehabilitation workshops is to protect and creating life safety for the other parts of the workshop. The roof of this structure should fly after an EXPLOSION to decrease the gas pressure. On the other hand, this will be a weak point during an attack. In this case, these types of roofs could not resist against any strike. This paper discussed a mathematical modeling for the roof behavior. Finally the paper shows the new method for fabrication of these roofs without a frangible behavior considering the vent opening function. The known behavior of roof and designed mechanism for it could help the workshop structure to be protected by another shelter structure to present of any strikes.