If layout of underground storage of energetic materials such as EXPLOSIVES، gases and petroleum designed inappropriately، an unexpected explosion can result in transmission and spread of the explosion to other adjacent underground spaces and causing catastrophic events both in surface and underground. In this paper a calibrated elasto-plastic numerical model in FLAC3D software is used to simulate the underground storage explosion. The peak particle velocity (PPV) damage criterion and the plastic deformation criterion were adopted to study the extent of damage zone around the explosion. The results show that the extent of damage measured based on the PPV criterion is larger than the plastic deformation criterion. Investigating responses of concrete lining supports shows tensile ruptures in the concrete due to reflection of stress waves from inner walls، which can cause transmission of explosion without direct contact of damage zone to the nearby storage chamber. Finally، in this paper the safe separation distance and embedment depth is proposed for three underground EXPLOSIVES storage chambers of Bakhtiari Dam project.Summary: In this paper، the explosion of underground storage facilities are modeled numerically using Flac3D software and it is tried to find the optimum layout of the underground facilities based on the extension of the explosion damage zone in numerical simulations.Introduction: The main purpose of this research is the use of numerical modeling in prediction of safe separation distance and embedment depth for energetic materials underground storage chambers، to prevent transmission of explosion between chambers.Methodology and Approaches: In this paper، major features of chambers and surrounding rock mass have been numerically simulated using 3D finite difference method. The damage extension around the exploded chamber is evaluated using two criteria of critical PPV and Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. The results of numerical simulations are compared with international standards. Results and Conclusions: The results have proved that due to explosion stress waves reflection from inner walls of adjacent chambers that causes tensional cracks in concrete supports and adjacent rock mass it is necessary to simulate the presence of adjacent chambers in the numerical models. Results of simulations in different rock masses show that in strong rock masses، the extension of the damage zone is lower than week rocks، while due to lower attenuating ability of strong rock masses، the energy of stress waves propagating with in it is high and vice versa.

Detecting EXPLOSIVES is a challenging task because of a number of factors, such as the low vapor pressures of most EXPLOSIVES, frequent introduction of novel explosive compositions, concealment and weapon delivery schemes. Also, selective and sensitive detection of explosive has received considerable attention for environmental monitoring/ restoration and national security applications. Nano sensors with increased sensitivity and selectivity and the ability to operate in a multimodal platform offer a potential paradigm for deploying a large number of sensors for detection. This review is intended to highlight recent advances in vapor detection of EXPLOSIVES by enabled nanotechnology sensors.

In this article, the detonation wave propagation in the ideal and non-ideal high EXPLOSIVES has been studied and compared. This study is performed utilizing the Wood-Kirkwood theory (WK theory), which is valid for slightly curved self-sustained detonations. Utilizing this model, a relation between detonation velocity and the front curvature is obtained. In this study, it has been shown that non-ideal EXPLOSIVES are poorly modeled by Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) theory. Comparison of the results of WK model with empirical data reveals that WK model has good accuracy in modeling detonation propagation in non-ideal EXPLOSIVES, especially for small curvatures. The present study shows that of the accuracy of state equations, the employed burning rate, their calibration, and also the mixture rules influence the results considerably.

Environmental pollution from the use of lead compounds and their adverse effects on employees, users and consumers of ammunitions is a serious problem in the military industries. Primary EXPLOSIVES such as lead azide and lead styphnate are essential portions of initiators and have wide consumption in military industries for producing initiators, tinder and detonators. These leaded compounds have been listed to replace with other alternatives. This article is reviews of the green primary EXPLOSIVES that are compatible with the nature and are suitable replacements for leaded compounds.

In addition to performance requirements, safety aspects for production, transportation and storage are very important for EXPLOSIVES because involuntary instantaneous explosion can causes irreparable financial losses and casualties. Ability of EXPLOSIVES for response to the stimuli such as impact, friction, shock wave, flame and heat is called sensitivity and is a key factor in determining the practical application of an explosive material. For decreasing of the sensitivity of EXPLOSIVES with maintained efficiency, it is necessary to use desensitizer. For this purpose, waxes, polymers, or a mixture of waxes and polymers can be used. In this research, industrial wax parameters in EXPLOSIVES such as melting point, congealing point, softening point, insoluble organic matterials, percentage of exudation, acidity, alkalinity, flash point, needle penetration, oil content and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) for three wax samples were determined by the credible standards. Finally, the results of parameters were analyzed.

The investigation of past operational and disposal practices at military facilities and formerly used defense sites has dramatically increased in the past several years. The manufacture; load, assembly and pack; demilitarization; washout operations; and open burn/open detonation of ordnance and EXPLOSIVES has resulted in contamination of soils with munitions residues. The primary constituents are nitro aromatic and nitramine organic compounds and heavy metals. A number of sites have soil contamination remaining where waste disposal practices were discontinued 20 to 50 years ago.In conjunction with site investigations, biological treatment studies have been undertaken to evaluate the potential for full scale remediation of organic contaminants. Because the cleanup of areas contaminated by EXPLOSIVES is now mandated because of public health concerns, considerable effort has been invested in finding economical remediation technologies. Bioremediation is now available as an alternative cleanup remedy for EXPLOSIVES-contaminated soils. Bioremediation boosts the activity of naturally occurring microorganisms to degrade hazardous substances in soil or sediment into nontoxic materials. This paper reviews some of the best performed studies in the recent years and tries to introduce bioremediation as a proper alternative for the more conventional methods.

In this research work, a computer code is developed to predict the detonation properties of high EXPLOSIVES on the basis of the Chapman-Jouguet theory. A new free energy minimization scheme was employed to calculate the equilibrium composition of non-ideal and multiphase mixture of detonation products. The new minimization scheme is a variant of the Newton-Raphson algorithm. In the present work, the second derivatives of free energy are computed for non-ideal mixture. It is found that the developed algorithm calculates the chemical equilibrium properties more accurately than the FORTRAN BKW scheme which takes the second derivatives of free energy as equal to their values in a perfect gas mixture. The calculated detonation velocities and C-J pressures are compared with experimental data as well as the data reported from other thermo-chemical codes.The results are very promising.