A male patient in his 20s presented at our clinic with pain caused by bone metastases of the primitive neuroectodermal tumor, and Sr-89 was administrated to palliate the pain. After receiving the injection, the patient complained of a slight burning pain at the catheterized area. Slight reddening and small circular swelling (diameter, 0.5 cm) were observed at the catheterized area. Sr-89 EXTRAVASATION was suspected. To estimate the amount of subcutaneous Sr-89 leakage, bremsstrahlung imaging was immediately performed. We speculated that the skin-absorbed dose from subcutaneous infiltration of Sr-89 was 1.78 Gy. The mildest clinical sign of local radiation injury was erythema. The received dose was higher than 3 Gy, and the time of onset was from 2 to 3 weeks. In our patient, local radiation injuries (LRIs) did not occur. Though requiring further verification, subsequent bremsstrahlung imaging and estimation of the skin-absorbed dose from the subcutaneous infiltration of Sr-89 are useful in confirming Sr-89 EXTRAVASATION and in the decision making for the choice of treatment strategies for LRIs caused by Sr-89 EXTRAVASATION.

Context: One of the common procedures in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is the insertion of a venous catheter, and one of the most important and serious complications is EXTRAVASATION, which is a leading cause of death in hospitalized infants. Based on the researcher’, s experience in the NICU and the necessity of EXTRAVASATION injury management in infants, this review study focused on EXTRAVASATION injury management in infants. Methods: The literature was searched in ProQuest, Scopus, and PubMed databases using the terms “, EXTRAVASATION”,OR “, vascular leakage”,OR “, Peripheral Infi, ltration”,AND “, Neonatal”,OR “, Newborn”,OR “, Infants”,OR “, NICU. ”,The search procedure was performed in the title, abstract, and full text of articles published in English from 2000 to 2022. Results: In the initial search, 3414 articles were extracted. After removing the duplicates and searching the titles and abstracts of the articles, 132 related articles were found, and their full texts were studied. Finally, 20 articles entered the fi, nal analysis stage. Nine case report studies, fi, ve case series studies, three clinical trials, and three retrospective review studies were found. The results showed that various treatment methods are available, including elevating limbs, pain relief, hot and cold compresses, fl, ush-out technique with saline, dressings (hydrocolloid, hydrogel, and hydrocellular foam), medications (2% nitroglycerin ointment and subcutaneous administration of hyaluronidase and phentolamine), and new methods such as amniotic membranes, omega-3-rich fi, sh skin (Kerecis), active leptospermum honey (ALH), PRP, and surgical removal. Conclusions: Despite many medical advances, there is still no specifi, c approach to managing EXTRAVASATION in infants. The ideal approach to EXTRAVASATION injuries is still to prevent them initially. The best next step is to minimize the damage using antidotes or hyaluronidase. Using saline to remove the solution and physically minimize damage can be useful. Thus, more studies are needed to address EXTRAVASATION management in infants.

Objective: To analyze the effects of hyaluronidase and hirudoid treatment on drug EXTRAVASATION in neonates.Methods: The medical records of 13 neonates with drug EXTRAVASATION treated with hyaluronidase and hirudoid between August 1st, 2010 and May 1st, 2012 were analyzed retrospectively. The treatment procedure for drug EXTRAVASATION adhered to the protocol in neonatal department. The information including age, sex, weight, diagnosis, size of affected area, site of EXTRAVASATION and treatment was collected.Findings: The EXTRAVASATION injuries alleviated and the symptoms improved after treatment, no adverse drug effects were reported with use of hyaluronidase and hirudoid.Conclusion: The treatment appeared to be beneficial in the management of EXTRAVASATIONs of various medications in neonates and may be useful in reducing the severity of cutaneous toxicosis. However, further studies with large samples are still needed to assess the effectiveness and safety of hyaluronidase and hirudoid.