Eggshell waste is considered the most abundant waste material from food processing technologies. Despite the freakish features that its components possess, it is very often discarded without further application. Nowadays, most researchers are focusing their research on pollution-free environment, biodegradable character, and balanced ecological aspects while fabricating the composite materials rather than mechanical strengths, costs, and processing methodologies. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the Eggshell nanoparticles on the enhanced treatment of a bone fracture. The samples included 10 healthy female New Zealand white rabbits with an average body weight of 3 kg and age of 4 months years old. The animals were kept in an open place. All these ten rabbits had a fracture by making a surgical operation conducted by opening and excluding the muscle and anther tissue, followed by cutting the bone using a special small saw. After the operational step, the animals were divided into two groups (n=5). The fractures were checked by X-ray. The negative control group was left without treatment, however, was given 0. 2 mL intraperitoneal saline injection weekly. The experimental group underwent treatment with 200 mg/kg of calcium carbonate nanoparticles (CaCO3-NPs) for 4 weeks. The animals were sacrificed at the end of the study period to collect organs for histological studies. Considering the results of the radiographic examination before and after treatment with CaCO3-NPs, the recorded data showed the speed of healing in the experimental group, compared to the control group. Regarding the histological study that was carried out on the vital organs, such as the liver, kidneys, heart, and lung, no side effects appeared when comparing the treatment group with the control group, except for some slight changes. In conclusion, the recorded data in the current study demonstrated that CaCO3-NPs had a beneficial effect on the pace of fracture recovery.

Biodiesel is a clean fuel produced from recyclable materials such as plant and animal fats used as catalyst. This present study is intended to use animal waste as feedstocks (raw material) to produce biodiesel. The biodiesel production reaction is an esterification reaction in which variables such as reaction time, used solvent. Also, catalysts play a significant role in the intrinsic properties of fuel and the efficiency of the product. In this research study, calcinated Eggshell was selected as a catalyst and ethanol as solvent. Biodiesel has been extracted using the substances mentioned above in one phase. The given optimal conditions include 5 h period, the amount of catalyst (4.5 g), and the quantity of solvent (13.91 mL). The produced sample was derived under conditions with the maximum quantity and physical properties, including cloud point and pour point, viscosity, and density in respective of producing biodiesel fuels from other materials. The results revealed reduction of properties at cloud point and pour point.

Biodiesel is a clean fuel produced from recyclable materials such as plant and animal fats used as catalyst. This present study is intended to use animal waste as feedstocks (raw material) to produce biodiesel. The biodiesel production reaction is an esterification reaction in which variables such as reaction time, used solvent. Also, catalysts play a significant role in the intrinsic properties of fuel and the efficiency of the product. In this research study, calcinated Eggshell was selected as a catalyst and ethanol as solvent. Biodiesel has been extracted using the substances mentioned above in one phase. The given optimal conditions include 5 h period, the amount of catalyst (4.5 g), and the quantity of solvent (13.91 mL). The produced sample was derived under conditions with the maximum quantity and physical properties, including cloud point and pour point, viscosity, and density in respective of producing biodiesel fuels from other materials. The results revealed reduction of properties at cloud point and pour point.

Dyes are used extensively in textile industries. The wastewater of these industries contains high amounts of pollutants which can be toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic and needs to be treated before being discharged into the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of Eggshell as a sorbent for the removal of Acid Orange 3 from synthetic wastewater. This study is applied experimental research which was performed on a laboratory scale. Eggshell as a sorbent was prepared at laboratory temperature and pulverized by standard ASTM sieves in two sizes (50 and 140). The concentration of dye in the synthetic wastewater was 25 mg/L. In this study, increasing adsorbent dose from 2 to 5 g/100 mL led to an increase in the adsorption efficiency from 36. 6% to 55. 36% and by decreasing the size of Eggshell particles from 50 to 140 mesh, the adsorption efficiency increased. The maximum adsorption took place in the first 90 minutes of the reaction. By increasing pH from 5 to 9, the process efficiency increased from 78 to 82%; however, at pH higher than 9, the adsorption efficiency decreased. Additionally, the adsorption characteristics of this pollutant on Eggshell fitted Freundlich isotherm (R 2 >0. 989). Due to the characteristics of textile wastewater such as alkaline pH, Eggshells can be used as a natural adsorbent in textile wastewater treatment.

The Removal of Ni (II) ions from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto Eggshell (ES) was investigated. The sorbent is cheap, widespread and may represent an environmental problem. The main parameters (i.e., solution pH, initial concentration of metal ions, sorbent dose, shaking time and temperature) influencing the sorption process, were examined. The Freundlich and Langmuir were applied. Thermodynamic parameters viz. the change in Gibbs free energy change (DGo), enthalpy (DHo) and entropy (DSo) were also calculated. Under the optimum experimental conditions employed, the removal of ~100% of Ni (II) ions was attained. The procedure was successfully applied to remove Nickel (II) from aqueous and different natural water samples.