Egypt is a strategic country for the United States. On the one hand maintaining Egypt friendly to the West due to its geopolitical location and influence in Arab League, keeping Suez Canal open for economic and military interests, following market development opportunities and securing a settlement with Israel are among the reasons which make Egypt vital for U. S. policy makers on the other the Egyptian foreign policy pattern is based on geography, national interests, cold War setting and leaders of Egypt is mainly affected by U. S. policies. This study uses foreign aid political theory to discuss how the United States uses foreign aid to maintain its interests in Egypt despite the political instability caused by the Arab Spring. The archival research on the USAID and U. S. foreign policy towards Egypt demonstrates that after Nasser presidency and since the late 1970s, the United States has provided significant military and economic assistance to Egypt to pursue its interests in the Middle East. Although Arab Spring and Egyptian uprisings in 2011 and Egyptian military’ s coup in 2013 made Obama administration to suspend temporarily some U. S. assistance to Egypt, but after re-establishment of aids, the steady rate of U. S. military assistance to Egypt hasn’ t been changed. This issue shows that U. S. unceasing influence in Egyptian circles of power was saved by foreign aid and proves the permanence of U. S. strategic interests in the region. As a result, U. S. utilizes these aids as an influential tool to control Egypt and to pursue its goals in the Middle Eastern countries, including Iran. Due to the close partnership with the United State and Israel, Egypt doesn’ t have a stable relationship with Islamic Republic of Iran.

Cambyses II, following in the footsteps of Cyrus the Great, continued the Achaemenid policy of consolidating and expanding the empire’s territorial holdings. One of the strategic territorialization endeavors involved a campaign to Egypt, the preparations for which had been initiated during Cyrus’s reign and executed by Cambyses. This military campaign resulted in the annexation of Egypt to the vast Achaemenid Empire. To gain a more profound insight into the reciprocal cultural influences between the Achaemenids and Egypt, it is imperative to meticulously examine the extant archaeological evidence from this period, unearthed and studied by diverse archaeologists and scholars. This article aims to provide a critical assessment of the book Achaemenids in Egypt with a focus on archaeological evidence.

Para-veterinarians are professionals in having a liaise between veterinary doctors and livestock owners beside their ability to achieve some of the veterinarians activity such as Collecting information about sick animals, using thermometer, using needles and syringes, Calculating, diluting and using antiseptic, knowledge about live and inactive vaccines, oral treatment of animals, herbal medicine, rectal palpation for detection of pregnancy, hoof treatment, treatment of chronic inflammation by using old methods such as blister and intervention in some large surgical operations such as abomasal displacement. According to our knowledge, This is the first review that highlight on the role of para-veterinarians in the Egypt as a co-aid for veterinary doctors.

Traditional medicine has been used since the dawn of history for treating human illness. Herbal medicine constituted the main type of traditional medicine. This type of treatment prevailed during different times of history in different countries, may be until the beginning of the 19th century. By that time a scientific revolution, in nearly all fields started. Much progress was made in the field of organic chemistry. This progress resulted in the synthesis of numerous organic compounds. Many of these compounds were found pharmacologically active and were used for treatments of many diseases replacing the traditional herbal medicine. The use of these organic compounds in treatment was encouraged by the ease of their preparation by synthesis and in quantities according to needs. Besides, the propaganda of the producing companies played a role in their spread use. The use of such chemical compounds for treatment in conventional medicine was not far from risk. Serious side effects arose from the use of many such drugs, this led WHO to warn member states from using many such drugs. The motto back to nature arose for seeking more safe drugs among member states. As a matter of fact, not all natural compounds are free of toxicity or hazardous effects. Some of the drugs used in traditional medicine proved to be carcinogenic or acting badly on some vital organs of the body as, e.g. the liver. Therefore the call for using herbal drugs for treatment was conditioned by necessity of such drugs being safe beside being effective of course. A thorough scientific study should be carried out, especially on new drugs, to confirm their safety and efficacy. Such studies usually include: a-Identification of the botanical origin of the drug including description of its main botanical features that facilitate its recognition, both in the entire and powdered forms. b-A complete chemical analysis for identification of its different constituents, especially those responsible for its pharmacological action. A reliable method for estimating its main constituents is essential. c-Pharmacological study, especially toxicity studies both acute and chronic to assure its safety. d-Clinical studies are required, especially for new drugs to confirm their efficacy. For old drugs, their use for a very long time and in different countries for treatment of same diseases is a good parameter for their efficacy. It is noteworthy that herbal drugs included in different Pharmacopoeas can be considered reliable drugs as most of them have passed all the necessary steps as aforementioned and such drugs are considered effective and safe when taken in the prescribed manner and reported doses. Concerning the use of herbal drugs in Egypt, lets go back in history. Egypt has a very old and glorious history in using herbal medicine. May be Egypt was amongst the first countries in the world to use herbal medicine on a rather scientific bases. Description and formulating precriptions was carried out by a herbalist who was a specialized priest. He had the knowledge of formulating herbal drugs. Preparation of herbs as medicaments was carried out in a special room in the temple. This room was used as drug store. In this room, drugs were arranged according to their organs, e.g. roots, leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits. Special shelves were made for minerals, waxes, vegetable oils, volatile oils. Drugs were formulated in different pharmaceutical forms such as teas, linaments, creams, lotions, pessaries, drops, etc according to type of disease and manner of application. The herbalist was aided by a small boy who was taught and prepared to be the future herbalist. Many of the prescriptions written on temple walls and, or in papyri scrolls revealed that ancient Egyptians were aware of the usefulness of many herbal drugs and used many of them in same purposes as they are used to-day and almost in the same manner. It is just sufficient to mention the amazing mysterious miracle of embalming. Nowadays, and in spite of the enormous progress in all fields of science, the secret of embalming is still undiscovered. The use of herbal medicine in Egypt, continued to flourish through different era from Ancient Egyptians through Roman time and first Arab islamic times. In spite, however, of this glorious old history of using herbal medicine for treatment in Egypt, recent time witnessed a significant decline in this respect. Most treatments are carried out by conventional medicine. Treatment with herbal medicine is carried out as a folk medicine, by Attareens. Attareens usually sell spices and crude herbal drugs in their shops. They are not qualified persons but they have acquired their knowledge from old Arabian books as those of Ibn -Sina and Dawood El-Antaki. Most patients that seek remedy from Attareens belong to the poor class, mainly illeterated people. A very important reason, in my opinion that lead to decline in use of herbal drugs in treatment, as supportive to chemical ones used in conventional medicine, lies in the ignorance of describing herbal medicines by physicians. Physicians, especially newly graduated ones, have no belief in herbal medicine, simply because they havent studied their value in their faculties. Actually the syllabi of nearly all faculties of medicine in Egypt lack course dealing with herbal drugs. Therefore physicians do not realize the importance of such drugs and regard them as nothing but a folk type of treatment without scientific basis. To encourage incorporating herbal medicine in conventional medicine, WHO held many symposia among member states. Each member state was advised to establish a committee including different specialists for planning health policy and choosing a list of herbal drugs that are most active, safe and common to be incorporated in primary health care services. Unfortunately, until now, no such committee has been established. Ministry of health is considered the only organization responsible for planning and controlling all health services. Ministry of health established a committee responsible for registration of drugs. The rules governing registration of herbal drugs are nearly the same as those for chemical conventional drugs. Processes of registration are tedious and lengthy and therefore many herbal drugs producers prefer registering their roducts as food supplements rather than drugs. Now in Egypt, there is a trend, as in allover the world, to make use of herbal drugs. People every where are getting more and more convinced by their efficacy, beside their safety and comparatively lower price. This trend is potentiated by the fear of the impact of adopting the GATT and Trips agreement in 2005 on conventional drug price. Much efforts are now done to re-evaluate the Egyptian resources from medicinal plants and discover new ones. Much scientific work is being done to find out most appropriate herbs regarding their efficacy, safety and availability. The studies include the most suitable pharmaceutical forms for their incorporation. This task is taken to find drugs to be supportive to conventional medicine (not alternating to them). The philosophy now is to find a herbal drug that can go side by side with the conventional medicine and make available effective, safe and affordable drugs.

This paper presents a brief survey of Achaemenid art and architecture in Egypt when it was a Persian satrapy. Some of the works reviewed in this paper include: hieroglyphs inscriptions from Wadi-al-Hammamat, bas-reliefs in Memphis, Elphantin funerary inscriptions, Aramaic papyrus writings, and the Temple of Hibis in al-Khargheh Oasis. This survey thus demonstrates the influence of Egyptian art on the Achaemenid art and architecture.

Movement of Egypt peoples in 25 of January 2011 occurred under the influence of Tunisian movement and could specify destiny of Mubarak government during a couple of months. The movement which was a protest against poverty, corruption, unemployment, dictatorship and being non respectful to law. Some clear reasons of people movement in Egypt were non organic economic situation, political non development and the increased role of communication and technology. Poverty and developed economic problems with the authoritarian regime and closed and limited atmosphere, under pressure and security and despotic of Mobarak's state created suitable basis for population protest and democratic atmosphere in the country of Egypt and led to appear a crisis in Egypt's society.With a survey of current changes in Egypt's country, we realized that this movement came out from inside of Egypt's society not from the side of groups and parties.Movement of Egypt's peoples appeared from internal worries of Egypt and public protest to the official politics of Egypt's government. This paper attempts to analyze the reasons and causes of people movement in Egypt.

The sudden and unpredicted 2011 revolutions in Arab countries have been one of the most important socio-political phenomena in the Middle East. The Egyptian rebellion was at the centre of attention because of its national, regional, and political impacts and consequences. Therefore, understanding the drives behind the uprising will provide remarkable insight into the recent unrest in the Middle East. Raising the question of how has the bad governance prompted the Egyptian revolution? We consider the analysis of collected data corresponding to good governance indicators (voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, governance effectiveness, and regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption) to evaluate the Egyptian government’s performance on the eve of the revolution. Having investigated the indicators of good governance in Egypt, we support the hypothesis that the Egyptian revolution was linked to the absence or weakness of the above indicators. In our view, extensive corruption in the public sector, socioeconomic disparity, lack of transparency in the political system, inefficiency of public institutions, centralisation of power, resources and special authorities in the hands of a group associated with the ruling government, the government’s unresponsive attitude, and ultimately non-fulfilment of good governance principles as well as the increasing gap between the rich and poor led to the instability and vulnerability of the political system, which eventually resulted in the Egyptian revolution in January 2011.