In this research, we attempted to determine the conceptual and theoretical gaps in Weber's theory of charismatic leadership and construct an ideal type of charismatic leadership using Weber's ideal type. This new ideal type must be sociological and have the empirical-historical test capability. Accordingly, first we examined the theoretical ambiguities in Weber's theory of charisma. Secondly, based on Weber's views and those of his main commentators, we constructed two main approaches to charisma. Focusing on individual characteristics, the first approach tries to explain the causes of charisma. The second approach focuses more on the followers' perceptions and responses to charisma, as well as on the objective and subjective conditions of charisma formation. It has been argued that a follower-oriented approach is a sociological approach that can be examined experimentally. In this approach, the validity of charisma stems from the approval and acceptance of followers. In addition, the followers look for a charismatic savior in certain psychological conditions. Thus, changes, social crises, and structural changes in society are considered to be the main causes of the emergence of charismatic leaders.

When proving the existence of God, the argument of design has been known as the easiest argument to be understood and, therefore, the most common one. Different explanations of the proof have been given during the history of theology with different degrees of stability and exactness. For this pen, the most logical and reasonable expression of the argument is what well-known as "the expression through the best explanation". Classic expressions, comparative ones, exact adjustment, non-reducible complexity of biochemistry and biologic information, though each is known a distinct expression, may be used as complementary grounds for the one supported by the paper, would play a more considerable part in proving the existence of God. Swinburne has given an argument on the probability for the existence of God. Swinburne’s expression is based on induction. Formalizing the argument and focusing on the order of place and time with regard to the order of the visible world, he has made a notable attempt in the field and given a new FORMALIZATION of the argument in the field. In this paper, it has been intended to gather and study Swinburne’s expressions from his different works. In this way, a necessary step has been taken for other studies of the argument.

There is a deep connection between the concrete environment which man exists in and the fundamental categories of his mind: the human nature is filled with the ways of behavior derived from the previous generations, both materialistic or idealistic in mentality. The author notes that for this reason, a person gets a struc-tured image of the world. The analysis of the author's psychological literature shows that when the child is born, he becomes the object of culture. In the later socializa-tion process, he adopts and accepts the other scenarios of his own culture. His psyche is intensifying them. This process affects and perceives the child's perception of the world outside and at the same time has a strong impact on the formation of perception, thinking, emotional system and so forth. In the article, the thoughts, emotions, and percep-tions of a person are regarded as internal factors that influence on shaping the hu-man orientation, and it is not clear how the child is shaped without considering the-se internal factors. Internal factors are shaped by the influence of knowledge as well as behavioral models and scenarios about the world adopted by person during the childhood. The source of those is culture. The source of culture on itself is in-tentional personality. Moreover, the core of the intentional personality psychology is a specific culture. Culture influences upon the people's perception and creates the "cultural frames" of perception. The objects of the external world are justified through the cultural frameworks of perceptions. So, how the perception is shaped by the influence of culture? How does it affect the way the attitude is shaped? The culture perceived by human beings depends on unconscious attitudes towards cer-tain actions. The analysis justifies that, in reality, the attitude is a framework of cul-ture and reflects the personality attitude.

Happening of Islamic Revolution has been counted as a turning point in the history of international relations. Proposing political Islam, IR has articulated its discourse of power and with its presence in the field, affected the discourses of power in regional and international area. Therefor the question of the paper follows as: how political Islam has affected the discourses of power in the two levels in the space of competition and conflict? Exactly considering the space of conflict and struggle ruling the discourses in international system and sub-system of the west of Asia, with regard to the time of IR happening in Iran and using the method of discourse analysis, we may draw and explain gradually ascending streamline of political Islam in the geometry of international power. Otherness-making of political Islam with both power discourses of Communism and Liberalism and, consequently, with their sub-discourses in the west of Asia caused a number of sub-discourses of the area to be fallen and destroyed.

FORMALIZATION is a fundamental issue in philosophical logic, and its nature has been examined vastly by logicians. It can be defined, in a sense, as a formal analysis of propositions and arguments, without considering their sense, in order to reveal their logical structure. Concerning the notions of function and variable in mathematics as well as the distinction between concept and object, Frege-the founder of modern logic-analyzed a proposition into two parts: predicative (unsaturated) and non-predicative (saturated); and the very analysis is the base of FORMALIZATION in modern logic.However, validity of the arguments is the target of FORMALIZATION, since validity-preserving guarantees the soundness of FORMALIZATION. Logical constants are fundamental elements in logical structures and have a very important role in FORMALIZATION. However, logicians proposed different criteria for their determination, each of which results in a change in the method of FORMALIZATION in logic. In this article we show that different logical systems may have different criteria for their logical constants and whether we are to establish a system or want to extend its logical constant affects our decision concerning those criteria.

The written literature of the Shiite jurisprudence shows that some jurisprudential conducts are disputable among scholars of jurisprudence with regard to formidable uses of assignment for various commercial and economical transactions in the contemporary world. The famous scholars of jurisprudence know that assignment is a contract including proposal and acceptance while others consider it as a unilateral right. This article deals with the criteria and criticism of these two points of view and clarifies that assignment meets the capacity of being contract based on transactors' will to be utilized as a proposal and acceptance or unilateral right.

The aim of present study was to investigate the relationship between organizational structure and entrepreneurship in Sport and Youth Organization of Mazandaran Province. The method of this research was descriptive –correlation. The statistical population of the present study were Staff and Chief the Sports Board the Sport and Youth Organization in Mazandaran Province. The statistical Samples were equal to statistical population. To collect the data of Organizational structure of Stephen P. Robbins, entrepreneurship Sharifian and demographic questionnaires were used. The validity of questionnaires was confirmed by constructive comments of sport management professors, sports board staff and chief and their reliability determined by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.77 and 0.86 respectively.The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics Kolmogorov-Smirnove test (KS-test), pearson correlation and linear regression. The results of this study indicated that there was a positive and significant relation between the FORMALIZATION components with entrepreneurship (r=0.318, p=0.001). The results of the linear regression analysis indicated that FORMALIZATION subscale was found to just strong predictor of increase entrepreneurship. Therefore, according to the results authorities should pay attention to this factor as the most important factor in entrepreneurship.

Undoubtedly, information technology (IT) has undergone extensive developments in various social and economic spheres; its effect on human society is in such a way that the world today is referred as information society. Besides, information technology, attributed as the main agent of global change, is to achieve meta-organization purposes. It also pertains to appropriate information formulated in the strategic policy of a given organization to achieve its ultimate organizational goals. Extensive research from different aspects is conducted on the impact of IT on organizational structure over the past three decades. Nevertheless, findings of the respective research are posited as inconsistent and incongruous. The sustained developments, enormous potential of information technology and its applicability in various domains have raised the question of the accuracy of earlier research findings. The study is to explain the results of previous research, based on modern information technology instances, including various information systems e.g., internet, intranet, extranet, etc in order to give coherence to the review of the related literature and to further identify the impact of IT on organizational structure of ‘Refah’ Bank in Guilan by tapping into 24-question Robbins standardized questionnaire distributed among 140 managers and heads of branches and experts of ‘Refah’ Bank in Guilan. The collected data was subsequently analyzed by using software SPSS 18 the propounded hypothesis based on research model were duly analyzed with t-test, which confirmed significant relationship in the impact of IT on organizational structure. The obtained results pinpointed the importance of IT in easing the complexity and Centralization and reducing bureaucracy (FORMALIZATION) in organizational structure of the ‘Refah’ Bank in Guilan.