Background: Genetic polymorphism of CYP2A6 gene is a major causal factor in the large interindividual differences in nicotine metabolism. It may have an impact on smoking behavior and smoke-related cancer susceptibility. Until now, there are no reports of CYP2A6 allele frequencies in Iranian population.Methods: In the present study, we investigated the frequencies of CYP2A6 alleles in 250 male Iranians. CYP2A6*2, CYP2A6*4, CYP2A6*9, and CYP2A6*12 were determined by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction.Results: Frequencies of *2, *4, *9, and *12 alleles were 2.2%, 0.95%, 12.4%, and 1.34%, respectively.Conclusion: These results showed that the distribution of CYP2A6 alleles in Iranian population was different from those reported previously for other ethnic groups. This highlights the importance of conducting further studies to investigate the implications on smoking dependence and cancer in Iranians.

In this paper, the acoustic environment in a vehicle cabin under the influence of high-frequencies aerodynamic sources has been studied. Some panels on the windshield, the roof, the doors, the front pillars, and the floor of a vehicle simulated as input source of noise when the car is moving at high speed, i.e.112 km/h. The status of vehicle cabin in each of these modes has been studied and compared to each other. There are some methods to simulate acoustic behavior of a vehicle cavity such as Finite Elements or Statistical Energy Analysis methods. A brief overview for Statistical Energy Analysis (SAE) is stated. In this study, the statistical energy method is used for determination of acoustic analysis. Auto SEA software is used to simulate and estimate the amount of sound pressure level. In addition, sound pressure formulation presented and used for comparison in vehicle cabin points and with experimental results for validation. Also, considering viscoelastic materials, a common form of material non-binding panel has determined. The result shows that the roof is the most important panel in acoustic analysis under influence of aerodynamic sources.Accordingly, this panel has more effectiveness in optimization to control sound pressure level in a vehicle cabin. In addition, the amount of reduction in sound pressure level (SPL) in the cabin with viscoelastic material is presented as it could diminish the vibration of plates. In addition, the effect of using acoustic glasses is presented. Finally, the SPL effect of passenger position including front and rear is investigated and compared.

There are many benefits for coordination of multiple suppliers when single supplier cannot satisfy buyer demands. In addition, buyer needs to purchase multiple items in a real supply chain. So, a model that satisfies these requests has many advantages. We extend the existing approaches in the literature that assume all suppliers need to be put on a common replenishment cycle and each supplier delivers exactly once in a cycle. More specifically, inspired by approaches that perform well for the Economic Lot Scheduling Problem, we assume an integer number of times a supplier can ship available items in an overall replenishment cycle. Because of complexity issue, a new approach based on genetic algorithm is employed to solve the presented model. Results depict that new model is more beneficial and practical.

This study concentrates on the free pure radial vibrations of hollow spheres made of hypothetically functionallysimple power rule graded materials having identical inhomogeneity indexes for both Young’ s modulus and the density in ananalytical manner. After offering the exact elements of the free vibration coefficient matrices for free-free, free-fixed, andfixed-fixed restraints, a parametric study is fulfilled to study the effects of both the aspect ratio and the inhomogeneityparameters on the natural frequencies. The outcomes are presented in both graphical and tabular forms. It was seen that thefundamental frequency is mostly affected by the inhomogeneity parameters rather than the higher ones. However, the naturalfrequencies except the fundamental ones are dramatically affected by the thickness of the sphere. It is also revealed that there isa linear relationship between the fundamental frequency and others in higher modes of the same sphere under all boundaryconditions.

Background: The cytochrome P450 (P450s or CYPs) enzyme family, particularly CYP2D6, significantly influences drug metabolism, handling approximately 20-25% of prescribed medications. Understanding genetic polymorphisms is crucial for personalized medicine and optimizing drug therapy in specific geographic and racial contexts. Given the complex nature of studying CYP2D6 genotypes, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of rare CYP2D6 star alleles, including rs267608319 (CYP2D6*31), rs1931013246 (CYP2D6*55), rs569439709 (CYP2D6*113), and rs747089665 (CYP2D6*135), within the Iranian population. Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 389 individuals across several ethnic groups in Tehran, Iran, from May to December 2022. PCR was used to amplify the region containing the desired variant. Genotyping was performed using the Sanger sequencing method.Results: Our analysis revealed a high frequency of normal alleles for all four studied variants, indicating the absence of the risk allele in the Iranian population. These findings suggest that the studied alleles have no apparent effect on various ethnic groups in Iran.Conclusion: The Iranian population has a typical genetic makeup for CYP2D6 variations, impacting medication prescribing. Understanding genetic differences is crucial for personalized drug therapies. Further research into Iranian genetic variations is essential for advancing personalized medicine.