Introduction: The most comprehensive definition of food security, defined in 1996 World Food Summit, as follows: “ Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, Safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” . Food Availability: The availability of sufficient quantities of food of appropriate quality, supplied through domestic production or imports (including food aid). Food Access: Access by individuals to adequate resources (entitlements) for acquiring appropriate foods for a nutritious diet. Entitlements are defined as the set of all commodity bundles over which a person can establish command given the legal, political, economic and social arrangements of the community in which they live (including traditional rights such as access to common resources). Utilization: Utilization of food through adequate diet, clean water, sanitation, and healthcare to reach a state of nutritional well-being where all Physiological needs are met. This brings out the importance of non-food inputs in food security. Stability: To be food secure, a population, household or individual must have access to adequate food at all times. They should not risk losing access to food as a consequence of sudden shocks (e. g. an economic or climatic crisis) or cyclical events (e. g. seasonal food insecurity). The concept of stability can, therefore, refer to both the availability and access dimensions of food security. Materials and Methods: The complexity of food security estimation is beyond its definition and analysis. The indices such as the ratio of food supply per capita to required food, self-sufficiency, changes in production and consumption that shows sustainability in supply are usually used at global and national levels. This study used an index, which is satisfactory to estimate food security in Kermanshah Province, by considering an important part of the factors effective in food security. The index was offered by IFAD and it was calculated as follows: In the above relation: xl is the daily calories supply per capita in proportion to the required calories, x2 is the annual growth rate of daily energy supply per capita, x3 is food products production index, x4 is self-sufficiency index, x5 is production changes, And x6 is consumption changes. The first relation of this equation shows food security on the side of supply and demand (production and import) and the second relation shows it on the side of production. Means of the weight of two expressions, i. e. food consumption security with a coefficient of 0. 77 and food production security with a coefficient of 0. 23, shows food security index. Therefore, both the overall foodstuff supply and internal production role should be considered for a correct estimation of food security condition. Of course, further weight is considered for the first relation because supply provision in the first place is important-even through importing. Results and Discussion: In this study, the food security of Kermanshah province has been assessed by using the FSI index. The results of calculations during the years 2004-2015 showed that the average of food security index, taking into account the 2100 calories standard, indicated the existence of food security in Kermanshah province, and considering the standard of 2300 calories, there was evidence of a lack in the food security of Kermanshah province. Another result of this study was that Kermanshah province has been self-sufficient in producing major food products during the studied period. Conclusions: The detailed food security index in the province provides the following suggestions to improve the food security situation: 1-According to a survey conducted in the country, the unemployment rate of Kermanshah province according to the statistical center of Iran in the autumn of 2017 was 25. 6%, which has the highest unemployment rate in the country. According to the self-sufficiency index of Kermanshah province, in all years this province has self-sufficiency in agricultural production and have no problem, but the problem of unemployment and consequently the low-income level of citizens causes the reduction in food security. Therefore, the implementation of policies to improve the province's employment status will consequently lead to improving food security. 2-Although Kermanshah Province has been in a favorable position in terms of self-sufficiency index of agricultural production; by developing the mechanized and modern agriculture of this province, it is possible to develop production and employment as well as to export agricultural products to other provinces, And even other countries of the region. 3-In the field of agricultural production in Kermanshah province, the necessity of adding conversion industries is felt because in this province, mainly, agricultural products are used raw and are not used industrially. On the other hand, Conversion industries will promote the value added of primary products and ultimately lead to improving food security.

In recent decades, there has been a growing demand for composite materials with high strength to weight ratio and high stiffness to weight ratio for use in the marine industry to improve the hydrodynamic and structural performance of vessels and propulsion systems. Apart from the advantages of composite propellers over their metal counterparts, deformations of these propellers under loading can alter their hydrodynamic effects. This paper was a hydroelastic analysis of a composite marine propeller made of carbon fiber laminate. This analysis was performed by the use of CFD-FEM based on the two-way fluid-structure interaction (FSI) coupling on the 3D geometry of the KP458 propeller. The CFD results are compared with the experimental data reported by Hyundai Maritime Research Institute (HMRI), for advance ratios of 0. 1-0. 5, which shows a perfect agreement among them. An increase in the efficiency of the flexible propeller is observed in different advance ratios due to an increase in thrust (1-4%) and a decrease in torque (1-6%).

Renal artery aneurysm (RAA) is a condition that affects approximately 0. 1% of the general population. The rate of incidence is minimal compared to other type of aneurysm but a high number of ruptures have been reported in pregnancy, especially at the third trimester. The concerning issue is that the maternal mortality rate stretches up to 50% and the fetal mortality rate approaching 85% with a universal loss of the affected kidney. This study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of stent in treatment of RAA using the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) approach. The flow pattern, wall shear stress (WSS), deformation and von Mises stress experienced are compared between RAA model without stent and with Abbott RX Herculink stent. A simple PIV experiment, observing the flow profile was conducted as a validation steps in ensuring the simulation results are reliable and accurate. The findings show that the simulation and PIV data are in good agreement in terms of the flow profile. The presence of stent managed to reduce the blood flow maximum velocity down to 46% and minimized the circulation of blood in the aneurysm dome. As for the WSS, the used of stent succeeded in decreasing the WSS experienced by the wall of aneurysm by 71% and below the baseline level of WSS that could induced rupture. The deformation of RAA and maximum von Mises stress reduced by 58% and 73% respectively when stent is used. In addition, the maximum von Mises stress after the stent placement is lower than the threshold value for the ultimate tensile strength of the tissue. This study concluded that the stent placement is effective in reducing the risk of aneurysm rupture in renal artery it can be one of the baseline for the further study regarding the RAA.

Nowadays, biomechanical methods are useful to identify the cause and treating of diseases. One of these diseases is the cerebral aneurysm. This disease starts by the inflation of artery wall and then by rupturing, it leads to intracranial hemorrhage. Therefore, it leads to morbidity or even it is the cause of the mortality for many patients. For this reasons, it is important to anticipate the emersion, growth and the rupture of a cerebral aneurysm. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and 2-way fluid-structure interaction (FSI) are common methods for interrogation the rupture of aneurysms and evaluating the effective hemodynamic parameters. In this study, they were employed to obtain appropriate information of a cerebral aneurysm. A patient-specific giant aneurysm was chosen in the internal carotid artery (ICA). Mooney-Rivlin parameters were used for the solid part and a non-Newtonian Carreu model was employed in the fluid part. Important hemodynamic parameters such as wall shear stress (WSS), time average wall shear stress (TAWSS), spatial average wall shear stress (SAWSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), and relative residence time (RRT) were discussed. In addition, these methods were then compared and the number of cycles assessed to determine the accuracy of the solutions. Both methods illustrate a similar location for the risk of a rupture related to these hemodynamic parameters but with different quantities. The novelty of this works lies at the feasibility of using the FSI and CFD methods to show the cost function in the future clinical decision-making.

Nowadays, car manufactures to increasing torque and power with consider to fuel consumption, have swept to the production of turbocharged engines. With considering exhaust gas-temperature rises in boosted engines, recognition of critical locations of the exhaust manifold in the worse condition of the engine (full load and maximum speed), to prevent fracture of the exhaust manifold is very important. In this research thermomechanical analysis, fatigue and life-span estimation in the most critical case of engine performance using the two-way coupling of fluid and solid has been carried out. In two-way coupling in every time step first, flow analysis of manifold is carried out in FLUENT software, then, temperature, convective heat transfer coefficient and pressure of fluid are mapped to the inner shell of the exhaust manifold. In solid preload of bolts, an elastic foundation based for the effect of cylinder head and turbocharger were considered and thermomechanical analysis was carried out with ANSYS software. Then with computing strain and changing geometry, a new mesh for analysis in the next time step was entered into FLUENT software and this cycle with consider to time step until the end of the cycle was carried out. Results of thermal simulation in fluid and solid was validated with experimental data. Finally, temperature, heat transfer coefficient, solid temperature, strain, normal stresses, Von Misses stress and dynamic stress plot and life-span of exhaust manifold have been estimated.

In light of the importance of reinforced concrete reservoirs, as well as the increasing number of Explosion damages, this study attempts to evaluate the performance of reinforced concrete reservoirs containing a fluid with response to TNT explosion at different distances while considering the Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) in relation to the loading impact from the blast wave. The LBE method in the LS-DYNA software was used for this research. The amounts of TNT used are 20, 40, 60, and 80 Kg at distances of 3, 4. 5, 6 and 7. 5 meters from the top of a concrete reservoir in simulated buried and non-buried situations. One of the most important results of this research is an increase of 14%, 33%, 35% and 41% of pressure in the blast impact on the reservoir with respectively 1. 2, 1. 4, 1. 6 and 1. 8 times of the TNT amount in the buried situation at a distance of 3 meters. Furthermore, the maximum pressure on the reservoir in the buried state at a distance of 3 meters was associated with an increase of 13%, 23%, 30% and 36%, respectively. The simulation results also illustrate the effect of soil as a protective cover in reducing the blast impact on the reservoir.