Background & Aims: In patients with nephrotic syndrome, the natriuretic effect of FUROSEMIDE (FU) is diminished. The effect of co administration of FU and human albumin (HA) has remained controversial.Material & Methods: In a cross-over clinical trial study, ten nephrotic patients (seven females, 33.57years) on standardized sodium chloride intake, in random order on three separate days, received by intravenous administration for 60 minutes either (a) 1 mg/kg FU plus a sham infusion, (b) 1mg/kg FU plus 200 ml of a 20% solution of HA, or (c) sham infusion plus 200 ml of a 20% solution of HA. Urinary volume and sodium excretion and glomerular filtration rate were assessed. Results: Mean 24h urine volume after infusion of HA, FU, and HA plus FU was 724ml (SD= 528), 1707ml (SD=745), 2175ml (SD=971), respectively (Pv=0.015). Mean FENa was 1.96% (SD=0.251), 3.18% (SD=0.25), 4.77% (SD=0.21) respectively, (Pv=0.015). Mean 24h urine Na was 118.3 (SD=6.86), 208.4 (SD=5.27), 206 (SD=8.45) respectively, (Pv=0.005). Mean GFR was 104.5, 96.6, 106.6 respectively, (Pv=0.021).Conclusion: Coadministration of HA potentates the action of FU in patients with nephrotic syndrome by increasing effects on GFR and diuretic potency of FU.

Background: A new, fast and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was proposed for the determination of FUROSEMIDE in serum samples based on a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Methods: The optimum conditions for quantification of FUROSEMIDE were studied considering the effects of types and amounts of dispersive and extraction solvents, salt addition, pH value, rate and duration of centrifugation. The method was validated with respect to the linearity, recovery and limit of detection. Results: Under the optimal conditions, the fluorescence intensities at 406 nm (with the excitation wavelength of 342 nm) were linear with the concentration of FUROSEMIDE in the range of 0. 3 to 20 µ g mL-1, with a detection limit of 0. 12 µ g mL-1 and a relative standard deviation of 3. 4– 9. 4%. Conclusion: Careful examination of the obtained validation results reveal that the proposed method is suitable for determination of FUROSEMIDE in serum samples.

This research presents a rapid and accurate spectrophotometric method for FUROSEMIDE determination. This method depended on charge transfer reaction of FUROSEMIDE with pyrogallol reagent using sodium carbonate. It was observed that a product with a bluish-green color was formed after completing the addition and gave the highest absorption intensity at the wavelength of 610 nm. Following Beer's law, the straight standard curve was obtained in the concentration range of (1-20 µg/mL. The statistical results showed that the method has good accuracy and agreement. The molar absorptivity value was 2.3813×104 l/mol.cm and sensitivity of Sandell's was 0.0138 µg/cm2. The relative standard deviation (RSD%) values ​​ranged from 0.18 to 0.71%, relying on the concentration level. For the FUROSEMIDE estimation, the suggested method has been successfully applied in its pharmaceutical preparations and pure form.

Diuretics have several therapeutic advantages in dairy cows but there are different side effects such as acid-base and electrolyte imbalances which may affect the electrocardiographic parameters. Fifteen multiparous, clinically healthy, non-pregnant and high producing 4-year-old Holstein dairy cows at their early lactation period were randomly divided into 3 equal experimental groups. FUROSEMIDE was infused intravenously at 3 different doses containing group 1: 2.5 mg/kg; group2: 5 mg/kg and group 3: 10 mg/kg. Electrocardiogram recordings and blood samplings were performed at prior and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 24 hours after FUROSEMIDE administrations. Sera after separation were assayed for sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus concentrations. There were no significant changing patterns in P, R, S and T amplitudes. P-R, R-R, Q-T and S-T intervals increased significantly after FUROSEMIDE administrations in groups 2 and 3. Electrocardiographic intervals in groups 3 were higher than other groups (P<0.05). The values of P, R, S and T durations in group 3 increased significantly after FUROSEMIDE administration. Durations of these waves in group 3 were higher than groups 1 and 2, significantly (P<0.05). There were no significant changing patterns in serum calcium, magnesium and phosphorus levels. Serum concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride significantly decreased after FUROSEMIDE administrations in all experimental groups. Levels of these electrolytes in group 3 were significantly lower than other groups (P<0.05). It may be stated that FUROSEMIDE affects the electrocardiographic parameters by misbalancing the serum electrolytes which affect the electrical conduction of action potential in the myocardium.