Potomac Horse Fever (PHF) is an acute enterocolitis syndrome causing mild colic, Fever and diarrhea in all life stages in horses. It is also responsible for abortion in pregnant mares. The agent of PHF was diagnosed as Neorickettsia risticii. PHF was first diagnosed as a livestock disease, by veterinarians in Maryland State of USA in horses living around Potomac River. Since, most of the cases of disease were recorded in July, August and September, then it was regarded as a seasonal disease. Later studies revealed that a trematode vector takes the role as a vector for transmission. Routine cell culture and PCR were used for clinical diagnosis of the PHF. Using indirect fluorescent antibody tests revealed positive cases in most places of Canada and America, which regarded as former contacts with the agent of disease. Neorickettsia risticii could not be seen in monocyte in prepared blood smears from clinical cases of horses and this is contrary to Anaplasma phagocytophilum which very easily seen in granulocytes of blood in infected horses. Neorickettsia risticii has been isolated from released trematodes from fresh water snails. PHF is not a contagious disease and infected horses could be kept near susceptible horses. PHF is not regarded as a zoonosis. It is concluded that related veterinarians to horse industry in Iran should be informed about the possible occurrence of disease.

Although there is not any report of the outbreak of Babesia bigemina in south, southeast and central regions of Iran, some clinical evidences of Texas Cattle Fever were observed in some native cattle in Sistan region, southeast of Iran. We conducted the present study to morpho-molecular identification of Babesia bigemina, to find the tick-vector and evaluation of clinical symptoms in the affected cattle. In spring 2018, the presence of Babesia bigemina piroplasm was evaluated in the blood specimens of 17 cattle that have been diagnosed with high Fever, hemoglobinuria and severe anemia with Giemsa staining method. The collected ticks from affected cattle have been identified morphologically. The clinical symptoms were analyzed and treatment was performed with imidocarb dipropionate. The PCR procedure amplified the Babesia bigemina specific fragment of ITS1-5.8S-ribosomal DNA in blood specimens and tick salivary glands. The morpho-molecular investigations showed Babesia bigemina piroplasm in the blood of 8 numbers of investigated cattle. Also, the ITS1-5.8S-ribosomal DNA of Babesia bigemina was detected in the salivary glands of Rhipicephalus annulatus collected ticks. The clinical disorders of the disease have been treated after administration of Imidocarb dipropionate. The findings of the present study illustrate a new focus of Texas Cattle Fever and its vector in Sistan region, southeast of Iran.

Background and purpose: Dengue Fever is one of the most common mosquito-borne diseases worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of health center employees in Kerman, Iran, regarding dengue Fever. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among the employees of health centers in Kerman using a standardized four-part questionnaire in 2022. The first part of the questionnaire focused on demographics, the second on knowledge, the third on attitudes, and the fourth on personnel practices regarding dengue Fever. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and SPSS software. Results: A total of 301 individuals participated in the present study. According to the results, 10.1% of the participants were physicians, 62.5% were healthcare employees, 14.5% were environmental and occupational health employees, and 12.8% were managers working in the health centers. The mean knowledge score of the study population was 6.56 ± 2.61. A positive correlation was found between the knowledge score, attitude score, and practice score (P = 0.001). The mean attitude score of the study population was 7.23 ± 1.14, which was positively correlated with age, work experience, knowledge score, and practice score (P < 0.05). The mean practice score of the study population was 6.05 ± 1.74, which showed no significant relationship with demographic variables; however, a positive correlation was observed between the practice score and age, work experience, knowledge score, and attitude score. Conclusion: The results indicated that the knowledge, attitude, and practice scores of health center employees in Kerman were at an average level. It is recommended that education and re-education on dengue Fever be implemented among health center employees, as they are the first line of education and disease prevention.

Drugs have been estimated to the cause of 10-15% of adverse events in hospitalized patients. Drug Fever as the only manifestation or the most prominent clinical characteristics of an adverse reaction occurs in 3-5% of patients. Considering drugs as a cause of Fever of unknown origin is important from clinical viewpoint. Drug Fever is a febrile response coinciding temporally with the administration of a drug, subsides once the causative drug is disvontinued, and other probable causes of Fever such as infection, malignancy, thromboembolic disease, cerebrovascular accidents, collagen vascular diseases, acute gout, surgery, and trauma have been ruled out by physical examinations and paraclinical investigations. A wide range of agents could induce Fever by different mechanisms. Antibiotics have been considered as the most common offending agents among different drug classes causing Fever. Antibiotics are associated with about one-third of drug-related Fever episodes. Among antibiotics, drug Fever has been mostly reported with betalactams, sulfonamides, and nitrofurantion. The sole effective approach to manage drug Fever is to discontinue the offending agents (S).

The term periodic Fever and diseases classified under periodic Fever have particular situation in pediatrics. Periodicity and Fever are the hallmark of these syndromes, though there could be other symptoms and signs in each syndrome. On the other hand, most of these syndromes have familial pattern. Since some of these syndromes are common in north-west Iran, the understanding and recognition of these diseases seems to be necessary. Nowadays at least seven periodic Fever syndromes have been explained in pediatrics: The first one is FMF and the last and new one is PFAPA. The rest of them are: Hyper IgD, FCAS, Muckel- Wells, CINCA, and TRAPS.