Purpose: It is important to recognize the mechanism of Forces applied on lower limbs and back during walking with high heel shoes. Raising public awareness about the disadvantages of using these shoes is effective in reducing the incidence of related musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effect of high heel shoes on muscle Forces and joint contact Forces during walking. Methods: A total of 9 young girls with a mean age of 21. 34 ± 3. 83 years, height of 1. 49 ± 0. 14 meters, and a weight of 593. 25 ± 17. 24, were randomly included in this study. The Qualysis motion analyzer and Kistler's Forces Plate were used to record data. Open-SIM software was used to extract muscular force and joint contact force. Data were analyzed by paired sample t-test at the set point of 0. 05. Results: Gluteus medius muscle Forces during walking with high heels was 46. 4 (N/BW) which was 1. 96 (N/BW) greater than walking without shoes (p=0. 02). The Forces applied on the hip joint in mediolateral plane was significantly higher than walking with bare feet (p=0. 001). The vertical force applied on lumbosacral joint during walking with high heel shoes was significantly greater than walking without shoe (p<0. 001). Conclusion: Gletus medius muscle force, hip joint contact force on the frontal plane, and the vertical joint contact force of the lumbosacral joint was significantly increased while walking with high heel shoes. It can be said that continuous use of high-heeled shoes, not only affect the hip joint, but also affect the lumbosacral joint and can be a source of damage to theses joints, and may endanger at the risk of osteoarthritis. Therefore, it is recommended that these users avoid to wearing high heel shoes because of the traumatic consequences.

Introduction: High heel shoes affect the knee joint and can cause arthritis in the tibiofemoral (TFJ) and patellofemoral joints (PFJ). There is a dearth of research investigating the contact Forces of TFJ and PFJ. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effect of high heel shoes on muscle Forces as well as TFJ, and PFJ contact Forces during walking. Materials & Methods: A total of nine young females with mean age, height, and body mass of 21. 34± 3. 83 years, 1. 49± 0. 14 m, and 60. 54± 1. 76 kg, respectively, were randomly included in this study. The walking variables in each case were measured while walking with 6-cm-heels, 3-cm-heels, and without shoes. All measurements were conducted on the right legs. The Qualisys motion analyzer and Kistler Force Plate were utilized to record data. The data were collected using OpenSim software to obtain muscular and joint contact Forces. In addition, the data were analyzed in SPSS software. P-value less than 0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Findings: The internal and external TFJ contact force during walking with 6-cmheels was 3. 66± 4. 07 N/BW, which was significantly higher than that during walking without shoes (P=0. 05). The anterior-posterior PFJ contact force was obtained at 1. 71± 0. 27N/BW, which was significantly greater than that during walking without shoes by 0. 61 N/BW (P=0. 001). Moreover, the vertical force of PFJ contact Forces during walking with 6-cm-heels (6 cm) was significantly greater than that during walking without shoes (P=0. 025). However, there were no significant differences between walking with 6-and 3-cm-heels regarding anteriorposterior, internal-external, and vertical TFJ and PFJ Forces (P>0. 05). Discussion & Conclusions: Walking with high heel shoes increased joint contact force in the medial compartment of TFJ and PFJ during the stance phase of the gait cycle. This increase in Forces as cumulative Forces can put the joint at the high risk of degeneration and arthritis. The TFJ and PFJ pain are warning signs of walking with high heel shoes. Given the harmful effect of high heels on TFJ and PFJ, it is recommended to use low heel shoes or flat ones.

The Supreme Leader's defense thinking in the Armed Forces Officer Universities is a beacon based on military character, personality and behavior, and how to ensure security, stability and expansion of the country's defense authority, and illuminates the path of jihad and the fight against tyranny and global arrogance. It is the side of modern Islamic civilization. The present study was conducted as a compilation of the defense thought system of the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces with the focus on officer universities with a qualitative method (Ground theory). The collected data are statements and defense letters of the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces in the military universities from 1989 to 1999. In this regard, researchers have been able to read the text of 59 statements of the Supreme Commander in the military universities with a defensive approach. The data correspond to the data technique of the foundation in three main parts: 1) coding the returns; 2) axial data encoding; 3) Selective coding of the data is analyzed. After going through the three stages of coding propositions (160) concepts (66 concepts) and categories (6 main categories), the statistics and the final model of His Holiness's defense thought in the officer universities of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran are presented.