Background and Aim: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is one of the most common chronic diseases of oral cavity without any definitive cause and can involve 1-2% of the population. Treatment of the symptomatic patients is challenging. Despite a variety of treatments, many routine treatment protocols fail. Treatment by laser beam can be an appropriate alternative method in the treatment of OLP. Materials and Methods: A 43 year old woman presented with chief complaint of ulcers and burning sensation (visual analogue scale = 7) on the dorsal and lateral surface of the left side of her tongue from one year ago. The patient previously had used topical corticosteroids but she discontinued her medication 3 months ago due to lack of complete improvement of burning sensation of the tongue and prolongation of the treatment. Skin and other mucosal surfaces had not been involved and the patient had no systemic problems. The patient was not taking any medication currently. No amalgam restoration was observed next to the lesion. In general no specific etiological factor was found. Incisional biopsy was performed for histopathological examination. Clinical symptoms and histopathologic findings led to definitive diagnosis of OLP. Topical steroids were given but the burning sensation of the tongue did not completely resolve and recurrence was observed upon discontinuation of the drug. At the next step we injected triamcinolone acetonide into erosive and atrophic mucosa which resulted to disappearance of the patient's symptoms. But after one month the symptoms recurred. At the third step lichenoid lesions with burning sensation were exposed to Nd-YAG laser with the power of 2. 5W and wavelength of 1064nm. Results: During a two-month follow-up period, the patient was completely asymptomatic (VAS = 0). No mucosal lesions were seen on examination. Conclusion: This study showed that laser can be used in the treatment of OLP as an alternative therapeutic method when there is drug resistance or steroids are contraindicated.

In this study, we have investigated the optical and high-temperature thermochromic properties of yttrium iron GARNET powder and paint. The powders were produced using the solid-state reaction technique, and the thermochromic paint was sprayed over an Al alloy substrate. X-ray diffraction patterns, optical and field emission scanning electron microscopes, and UV-Vis and FTIR spectrophotometers were used to assess the structural, surface morphology and optical characteristics of the materials. The thermochromic characteristics of the samples were investigated by extracting the chromatic coordinates L*b*a* from digital pictures taken at temperatures ranging from 25 to 210 °C. The results reveal that when the temperature rises, the color of the paint changes from dark green to dark brown. The charge transfer between oxygen and iron ions, as well as the electron transition across the orbitals of the d layer, could be responsible for the observed reversible color change. The paint has strong thermal stability up to 350 °C which is suitable for high-temperature thermochromic applications.

GARNET amphibolite and GARNET micaschists of the Faryab complex, located in the southeast of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, are exposed immediately under the peridotites and sometimes a few meters away from the peridotites of this region with fault boundaries. Some GARNET amphibolites mainly include poikiloblasts of GARNET and amphibole, plagioclase, quartz, secondary minerals of epidote, biotite, chlorite, as well as oxide minerals of, magnetite, ilmenite, titanite and apatite mineral. GARNET micaschists include the main minerals GARNET, amphibole, muscovite, epidote, plagioclase, quartz, and secondary minerals biotite, chlorite, rutile, apatite, titanite, and ilmenite. Considering the chemistry of GARNET poikiloblasts and the chemistry of amphiboles, temperatures of 505 to 708°C and average pressures of 6.7 to 8.6 kbar (upper amphibolite facies) for GARNET amphibolites and temperatures 450 to 650°C and average pressures of 6.7 to 7.2 kbar (lower amphibolite facies) have been determined for GARNET micaschists. Accordingly, GARNET amphibolites show the highest metamorphic degree, while GARNET micaschists show a lower metamorphic degree. Such a situation indicates a type of geothermal gradient. Geochemically, GARNET amphibolites can be classified in two groups. Group I, which together with GARNET micaschists have the geochemical characteristics of sedimentary rocks, while GARNET amphibolites of group II show the typical characteristics of basalts. The Faryab metamorphic complex next to the ophiolitic remnants of the region may indicate the evolution of this ophiolitic complex in a Neotethys accretion-subduction position during the Upper Cretaceous.

Colloidal nanodispersion of Iron Yttrium GARNET has been preparedbymixing the two ternary mixture of Triton X-100 (surfactant), n-heptane and aqueous solution that differing only in the aqueous phase.Ethanolwas added as cosurfactant and mixed them by ultrasound bath. By mixing these twomicroemulsions, Iron Yttrium GARNET (Y3Fe5O12) nanodispersionwas obtained. Solids were settled by centrifuge, washed and dried, then solids were calsinatedat 800oC, 2 hour, and were characterized them by Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM).

The formation of atoll GARNET in the Ardara aureole, NW Ireland, is discussed using the textural, chemical and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) data. Textural evidence suggests the possibility of incipient of GARNET replacement from the core. In addition, the presence of staurolite and andalusite in the core of small atoll GARNETs as well as the occurrence of sillimanite in the core of large atoll GARNET reveal the prograde nature of atoll formation. The microprobe analyses and EBSD data also indicate that atoll GARNETs in the Ardara aureole developed by preexisting idioblastic GARNETs being replaced by mainly biotite to produce atoll forms.

In this study, yttrium aluminum GARNET (YAG) was prepared using a facile electrochemical technique. Four samples were synthesized in 0, 20, 40 and 60 ° C by electrochemical pulse deposition and were then calcined at 1200 ° C. The effect of synthesis temperature on morphology and structure of YAG was studied using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Furthermore, the electrochemical performance of samples was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry methods. Structural analysis shows that by increasing the synthesis temperature, the network structure of the samples changes from amorphous to the crystalline structure. SEM results also affirm the structural change and show particle size increase in YAG samples from about 90 nm to 2 μ m, as a result of rising electrodeposition temperature. The influence of the observed network structure alteration on the catalytic performance of samples was also found to be very significant. Square-wave voltammetry electrochemical analysis of YAG samples leads to enhanced electro-oxidation features, as a result of temperature increase at the synthesis stage. As a proof of concept, the as-prepared YAG samples were successfully employed for electrochemical sensing of ascorbic acid, which showed a significant rise in the electric current of the sensor.

Next to the Ghohroud granitic intrusive body in the south of Kashan, skarns are outcropped, of which some contain GARNET crystals with obvious zoning. In order to investigate characteristics of this zonation, GARNET crystals were analyzed from core to rim by EDX point analysis, using scanning electron microscope. Obtained data show that GARNET crystals belong to grandite (grassolar-andradite) series and oscillatory and complex zoning are widespread. Variation of Al and Fe from center to rim of analyzed crystal indicates sharp variation in XGras in grandite solid solution series. Therefore, GARNET zoning formed during crystal growth and diffusion has an insignificant effect. However, based on the BSE images, oscillatory zoning has been disturbed by fluid infiltration next to fractures. Pattern of variation on XGras from core to rim indicates that the main factor on formation of oscillatory zonings was immiscibility in grandite series which followed by changes in hydrothermal solution composition. Sharp micron-scale boundaries in zonation and preservation of zoned GARNET reveal that skarns have not experienced thermal overprint after formation and emplacement of pluton and formation of skarns were not followed by further thermal geological event like regional metamorphism in the area.

Purpose: To study factors affecting laser energy levels required for neodymium: yttrium aluminium GARNET (Nd: YAG) laser capsulotomy and to evaluate whether any correlation exists between applied laser energy levels and complications.Methods: The present study examined 474 consecutive patients for a number of factors including age, type of posterior capsule opacification (PCO), material and fixation of intraocular lens (IOL) and complication rates, versus energy levels used for Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy.Results: Mean patient age was 55.6±8.7 years and mean follow up period was 22.9±4.5 months. IOL biomaterial (KW ANOVA; P=0.173) and patient’s age (P=0.246) did not significantly influence total laser energy requirement for capsulotomy. However, total laser energy levels were significantly higher (KW ANOVA; P<0.001) with fibro‑membranous and fibrous subtypes of PCO. Complications such as IOL pitting, intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation, uveitis, retinal detachment (RD) and cystoid macular edema (CME) were significantly more common when higher energy levels was used. The mean total energy in patients with RD was 77.7±17.7 mJ as compared to 43.4±26.9 mJ in the rest of the cohort. RD was more common in patients with higher axial length [n=7 (63%)] (P<0.001).Conclusion: Type of PCO significantly influenced laser energy levels required for capsulotomy, whereas IOL biomaterial and fixation did not. Complications such as IOL pitting, uveitis, IOP elevation, RD and CME was significantly more common when total laser energy was higher. It is recommended that the lowest possible single pulse laser energy be used for capsulotomy to minimize complications.