Despite progress in diabetes care and treatment, pregnancies in women with either type 1 or, type 2 DM are still associated with poorer outcomes with respect to healthy non diabetic women. Pregestational DM complicates 0.2- 0.6% of pregnancies, 35% had type1 and 66% had type 2 DM. In contrast to GDM, pre GDM is more serious because the potential effects of uncontrolled glycemic levels begins at fertilization and implantation, continue throughout pregnancy and remain as a postpartum threat during breast feeding.To prevent excess complications in mother and fetus, diabetic care and education must begin before conception.This is best accomplished by a multidisciplinary team that includes a diabetologist (internist), an obstetrician familiar with management of high risk pregnancy, diabetes educators including: Nurse, dietitian and social worker and other specialists as deemed necessary.Pregnant women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes should talk with a diabetes nutritionist, to determine their goals for daily calories, carbohydrates, nutritional balance in foods, and timing of eating throughout the day.The goals of preconception care are: involve and empower the patient in the management of her diabetes, achieve the lowest HbA1C test without excessive hypoglycemia, assure effective contraception until stable and acceptable glycemia is achieved and identify, evaluate and treat long-term diabetes complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, hypertension and coronary disease.

Background and Objectives: It seems that increased serum ferritin is a potential risk factor for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). This study aimed to study serum ferritin levels among GDM and non-GDM women referred to the Niknafs hospital in Rafsanjan, in 2015Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 40 GDM and 40 non-GDM women were selected using simple non-probability sampling. Their demographic and clinical data including pre-pregnancy BMI, hemoglobin, fasting blood sugar and iron supplementation intake were recorded from their health dossier. Pre-operation weight was measured and weight gain during pregnancy was calculated. Fasting blood samples were collected and examined for the measurement of glucose، serum ferritin and haemoglobin. All data were analyzed using t-test and chi-square.Results: Findings showed that there was a statistical significant difference between the means of pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational age at delivery between the two groups (p<0.05). Although the difference between ferritin levels in two groups (GDM vs. non-GDM women was not statistically significant (P=0.729), but 95% of non-GDM women and only 75% of GDM women had normal ferritin levels i.e. 10-60 ng/dl (P=0.043). 70.6% of obese women were diagnosied GDM; while among the women with normal weight, 29.6 % suffered from GDM (P=0.02).Conclusion: This study showed that the serum ferritin level in the GDM women was haigher than their non-GDM counterparts، and obese pregnant women were affected more with GDM. It seems that an increase in serum ferritin in GDM women is more a sign of inflammation rather than an increase in the iron storage, since the iron intake in two groups has been equal.

Background: The study aims at the comparison and correlation of serum levels of fructosamine and erythrocyte Na+/ K+ ATPase in Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and Non Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (Non GDM). Methods: A total of 326 samples were divided into 4 groups. Pregnant women between the age group of 20-40 years who gave samples for Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) were included as the subjects. Anonymized and left over fasting and 2 hours’ samples were collected from biochemistry laboratory, Kasturba Hospital, Manipal. Results: In the comparison of fructosamine levels in GDM and Non GDM, fructosamine was found to be significant (p value<0. 001) in both fasting and 2 hours (G2) blood glucose condition. Na+/ K+ ATPase did not show any significant variation between the groups. Correlation was not significant between the parameters. Conclusions: Fructosamine showed significant increase when compared between the groups, whereas significant correlation is not obtained between the parameters. Thus, the use fructosamine as a diagnosis tool becomes inconclusive. Further studies must be carried out to identify a marker which reduces the interferences observed in fructosamine and to find out the exact relationship between hyperglycaemia and Na+/ K+ ATPase activity.