PRESERVATION is a suitable method to preserve the plant for consecutive years. The motivation of the initial studies for the protection of plants is to identify freezing methods for the PRESERVATION of plant organs during consecutive years. PRESERVATION to preserve plant organs includes almost all plant parts in liquid nitrogen at very low temperatures (usually-196 degrees Celsius), which is a practical and economical method compared to field PRESERVATION methods. In order to preserve the genetic treasury of threatened plants, it is necessary to use freezing protection technology. It is necessary to use appropriate pretreatments for freezing protection. The most important and widely used pretreatment is coating and dewatering as a practical technique. Gene banks based on cryoPRESERVATION and biotechnology-based techniques are expanding in the world, and the protection and optimal use of GERMPLASM reserves are of great importance in all countries. PRESERVATION of plant genetic resources guarantees the sustainability of genetic progress in other cultivars, especially commercial cultivars, which have high economic value. In other words, every plant is an important gene store for a breed. Plants are exposed to various risks caused by adverse environmental conditions, both biotic and abiotic stresses. These unfavorable and inappropriate conditions can remove plants from the planet and subsequently, the valuable gene treasury is removed. Protection and maintenance of plant biodiversity are very necessary for plant breeding programs, genetic engineering, etc. Of course, it should be noted that the PRESERVATION for successive years of plant organs using the cryoPRESERVATION method is only successful if the formation of ice crystals (with appropriate and standard plant dehydration) is prevented inside the cell.

The present study describes the encapsulation of protocorm of Cymbidium bicolor Lindl. from 60 days-old in seed cultures for shortterm conservation and propagation. Various concentrations and combinations of gelling matrix (sodium alginate) and complexing agents (calcium chloride) were tested to prepare uniform beads. The ideal beads were obtained through a combination of 3% sodium alginate and 100 mM calcium chloride. Encapsulated protocorms exhibited the best re-growth and conversion frequency on MS medium supplemented with BA (4.42 mM). Encapsulated protocorms stored at 25°C were green and retained the viability with potential for conversion (52%) and germination even after 360 days. The encapsulated protocorms stored at 4oC remained viable up to 30 days beyond which the conversion rate decreased drastically. Well-developed plantlets were transplanted into plastic pots containing vermiculite and maintained for 60 days in the culture room for acclimatization. The 90% of the recovered plantlets were hardened off and established successfully in the soil. The present study could be useful for large scale propagation as well as short term storage of this commercial orchid.

The extreme temperature fluctuations and the vacuum of the space environment make growing plants in outer space challenging. To simulate the temperature fluctuations and vacuum conditions associated with space environments, dry tomato seeds were placed in a thermal cycle simulator and vacuum simulator chamber of space systems, respectively. A Bradford method was used to determine the total protein content of each group of seeds. Sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to separate proteins. The seed of the thermal cycle group had the highest protein content (26 to 31 mg/ml), followed by control seeds (8-10 mg/ml) and the vacuum seeds (4-5.6 mg/ml). The molecular weights of the peptides ranged from 8 to 42 kDa. The intensity of the protein bands was significantly different in the thermal cycle group from the other two groups, and vacuum group had the lowest intensity. Water and oil released from seeds in the vacuum environment resulted in a reduction of protein content. In the thermal cycle group, the total protein content and the intensity of the bands were significantly higher than those treated with the control group, which can be attributed to the degradation of storage proteins involved in seed germination in the control group.

Infertility is a very disastrous side effect in young females, especially in traditional male-dominated societies. The aim of this talk is to discuss the possible ways for fertility PRESERVATION in both man and woman. Another aspect is to how to predict women at threat of premature ovarian failure. It will also illustrate the association of cytochrome P450 (CYP2C19) polymorphism with ovarian toxicity and clinical response in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide.

Recent advances in cancer therapy have given many patients hope and have lead to survival rates of approximately 70% treatments such as radiation, chemotherapy and surgery may have life altering implication. For women and men of reproductive age, cancer therapies can often lead to ovarian damage and premature menopause both of which can have significant impact on current and future fertility.Thanks to significant advances in reproductive medicine, there are technologies now available that can help to preserve fertility prior to undergoing cancer treatment. The decision to preserve fertility in the face of cancer is difficult. Decisions regarding the timing of cancer treatment and disposition of the eggs or embryos, should the patient not regain the health needed to carry a pregnancy, are never easy and require the support of family and friends and the expertise of a wide range of health care specialistsFertility PRESERVATION options in male patients: Sperm cryoPRESERVATION. Sperm cryoPRESERVATION is effective, and oncologists should discuss sperm banking with appropriate patients, it is strongly recommended that sperm are collected prior to initiation of treatment because the quality of the sample and sperm DNA integrity may be compromised even after a single treatment session. Although planned chemotherapy may limit thenumber of ejaculates, intracytoplasmic sperm injection allows the successful freezing and future use of a very limited amount of sperm.Hormonal gonadoprotection Hormonal therapy in men is not successful in preserving fertility when highly sterilizing chemotherapy is administered.Other consideration Men should be advised of a potentially higher risk of genetic damage in sperm stored after initiation of therapy. Testicular tissue or spermatogonial cryoPRESERVATION and transplantation or testis xenografting have not yet been tested successfully in humans. Of note, such approaches are also the only methods of fertility PRESERVATION potentially available to prepubertal boys.Fertility PRESERVATION options in female patients: Embryo cryoPRESERVATION. Embryo cryoPRESERVATION is considered an established fertility PRESERVATION method because it has routinely been used for storing surplus embryos after in vitro fertilization. Approximately 2 weeks of ovarian stimulation with daily injections of follicle stimulating hormone is required as must be started whiten the first 3 days of menstrual cycle. CryoPRESERVATION of unfertilized oocytes CryoPRESERVATION of unfertilized oocytes is an option particularly for patients without a partner of those with religious or ethical objections to embryo freezing. Ovarian stimulation is required as described in the preceding section. Oocyte cryoPRESERVATION should be performed only in centers with the necessary expertise.Ovarian tissue cryoPRESERVATION ovarian tissue cryoPRESERVATION and transplantation procedures should be performed only in centers with the necessary expertise under scientific approved protocols that include follow-up for recurrent cancer. A concern with reimplanting ovarian tissue is the potential for reintroducing cancer cells, although in fewer than 20 procedures reported thus far, there are no reports of cancer recurrence.Ovarian suppression currently, there is insufficient evidence regarding the safety and effectiveness of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs and other means of ovarian suppression on fertility PRESERVATION. Women interested in this technique are encouraged to participate in clinical trials.Ovarian transposition Ovarian transposition (oophoropexy) can be offered when pelvic radiation is administered as cancer treatment because of the risk of remigration of the ovaries, this procedure should be performed as close to the radiation treatment as possible.Conservative gynecologic surgery It has been suggested that radical trachellectomy be restricted to stage IA2-IB disease with diameter less than 2 cm and invasion less than 10 mm. in the treatment of other gynecologic malignancies, interventions to spare fertility have generally centered on doing less-radical surgery and/or lower-dose chemotherapy with the intent of sparing the reproductive organs as much as possible.Other considerations Of special concern in breast and gynecologic malignancies is the possibility that fertility PRESERVATION interventions and/or subsequent pregnancy may increase the risk of cancer recurrence. Although several studies have not shown a decrement in survival or an increase in risk of breast cancer recurrence with pregnancy, the studies are all limited by significant biases, and concerns remain for some women and their physicians. Fertility PRESERVATION methods are still applied relatively infrequently in the cancer population, limiting greater knowledge about success and effects of different potential interventions. Other than risk of tumor recurrence, less attention is paid to the potential negative effects (physical and psychological) of fertility PRESERVATION attempts. Despite the facts that considered before, and other uncertainties in this despite the facts that considered before, and other uncertainties in this regard, cancer patients should be informed of options for fertility PRESERVATION and future reproduction prior to cancer treatment and this is not fully possible except by cooperation of cancer specialists, fertility specialist and the patients.