The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of growth hormone on some interleukins levels in patients with growth hormone deficiency by measuring and correlating many biochemical markers. Blood samples were gathered from study participants to estimate levels of basal growth hormone, growth hormone after 60 min (GH2) and 90 min (GH3) induction with clonidine, respectively, Insulin-like growth factor, interleukin-4, interleukin-6, and resistin. The outcomes of the anthropometric measurements of the studied groups exposed a significant (p < 0,05) differences in mean of BMI and BMI Z score between the GHD and non-GHD. The outcomes presented significant (P < 0.05) decrease in levels of basal GH, GH2, GH3, and IGF-1 in the GHD compared to the non-GHD. The outcomes presented a significant (p<0.05) fall in level of IL-4, IL-6 and resistin in the GHD compared to the non-GHD. The breakdown of the study groups revealed that males made up (53.3%) of the GHD, while females made up (46.7%), whereas the non-GHD (64.4% males and 35.6% females). The percentage of underweight in the GHD (71.1%) was lower than in the non-GHD (80%), whereas the percentage of normal weight was greater in the non-growth hormone deficiency (20%) compared to the GHD (17.8%). The distribution of the studied groups by gender displayed that non-significant (p>0.05) variances were seen in basal GH level, GH2, GH3 between males and females, IGF-1 was significant (p<0.05) decreases in males compared with females.

Background and Objectives: In Iran considerable genetic resources of apple can be found in center, north and north east of the country and alongside the Caspian Sea. These genotypes have different phenotypes. In order to examine the levels of anthocyanin, phytochemicals, physical and chemical traits, the current experiment was designed and performed. Variations in size, skin and pulp color of the samples were found. The presence of genetic diversity led to more adaptation of plants to different environments and these enable researchers to selects superior genotypes. Since diversity in germplasm is backbone of breeding programs, the present research work was undertaken to evaluate different apple varieties using morphological and phytochemical characteristics by multivariate statistical methods. The experiment was conducted in 2016 as a completely randomized design with 12 native genotypes and 3 introduced ones with 3 replications. Materials and Methods: The fruits were collected from Kamal Shahr Horticulture Station of Karaj, affiliated to the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute. A total of 11 traits including weight, volume, density, firmness, acidity, total soluble solids and other characteristics were evaluated. The obtained data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS (9. 1) software and Duncan's test was performed to mean comparisons. Results: Analysis of variance showed a meaningful difference among genotypes for all measured traits. According to the results, fruit weight varied from 161. 9 g in Fuji cultivar to 4. 25 g for Gol-ghermez cultivar. Acidity varied from 0. 88% for Gol-sefid to 0. 16% for Shahrood-10 genotype. The percentage of TSS varied from 19. 5% for Red delicious cultivar to 11. 5% for GH2 genotype and Golab-Kohanz cultivars. The highest positive correlation (0. 95) was observed between fruit weight and fruit volume. Based on the results of PCA, the cultivars were divided into three distinct groups, which were similar to our cluster analysis results. Conclusion: The results revealed that native Iranian apple varieties and genotypes are rich in genetic diversity and can play an important role in future apple breeding programs.

Human growth hormone (hGH) (also called somatotropin) is a single-chain polypeptide that is made and secreted into the blood circulation by the anterior part of the pituitary gland. The growth hormone is composed of 191 amino acids, two disulfide bonds, and four α-helices. Based on crystallographic studies, one hGH binds to two growth hormone receptors and forms a ternary complex. The hGH has two receptor-binding sites: site1 (high affinity) and site2 (low affinity). The primary objective of the present study was to enhance the binding affinity of receptor-binding site 1 through targeted substitution of eight specific amino acid residues (Arginine, lysine, aspartic acid, lysine, glutamine, histidine, isoleucine, and histidine with asparagine, alanine, serine, arginine, serine, asparagine, threonine, and aspartic acid). For this aim, the GH1 gene (which encodes hGH) was manipulated by introducing mutations (missense) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then, mutant GH1 was cloned into the pGH vector (a plasmid vector) and, after propagation (in Escherichia coli DH5α), was subcloned into the pCold vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. The Western Blot technique was used to determine the production of mutant hGH. Protein purification and quantitative assessment were performed using Nickel-Sepharose affinity chromatography and Bradford assay, respectively. The biological activity of the mutant hGH was examined using the Ba/F3-rat-GHR cell line, which stably expresses the human growth hormone receptor (hGHR). Molecular docking analysis using HADDOCK indicated that the mutant hGH exhibited a higher binding affinity for hGHR compared to the wild-type hormone. Two recombinant growth hormones (R-GH1 and R-GH2) were obtained. Results suggested that recombinant hGHs induced the proliferation of Ba/F3-rat-GHR cell lines more potently than commercial (Zorbtive) hGH (P< 0.05). This study successfully engineered a mutant form of hGH with enhanced receptor-binding affinity, improved in vitro biological activity, and greater proliferative potency compared to commercial hGH, suggesting its potential for therapeutic applications.