The current review is on a book titled: Not by Genes Alone written by Peter J. Richerson and Robert Boyd. The review begins with an introduction to Human sciences in Iran and the world and different aspects are discussed. The role of biological factors and Genetics in shaping human behavior and culture is critiqued. Although this book is not a new book on this matter, it refers to the importance of culture and biological evolution. The authors describe the importance of culture for understanding the human behavior and the fact that culture is part of biology. The authors believe that to understand culture, the "population thinking" (thinking that the influence on a population is main cause of change in culture and not individual human being) is the key. Genes and environment interact together and both play a role in human behavior.

The rice brown spot disease caused by Bipolaris oryzae is distributed in most of rice cultivated regions and some time causes economic recession. Plants are under attack by diverse pests and pathogens. They have evolved different mechanisms to survive against invaders. Similar to the other plants, rice employs structural and chemical barriers to defense against pathogens. The pathoGenesis- related proteins have crucial role in chemical defense. In this survey, the expression pattern of several resistance Genes (Thionin, Defensing, Allen oxide synthase, Proxidase) were considered in two rice cultivars under treatment of B. oryzae fungus, using Quantitative Real Time PCR. The Tarom and Khazar cultivars have been selected as susceptible and resistance cultivars, respectively. Results showed considerable increase in expression rate of all Genes in both genotypes after inoculation than that of control plant in every hours. Data analysis using T-student test program also showed that there are significant differences between Tarom and Khazar cultivars with the expression of mentioned Genes. The findings proves that Thionin, Defensin, Allen oxide synthase and Proxidase Genes play a prominent role in rice resistance to B. oryzae. This result can be an introduction to use of mentioned Genes for overexpression and generate resistant rice to destructive brown spot disease in breeding program.

Septoria tritici bloth (STB), caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola (anamorph: septoria tritici) is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and has a major impact on yields Worldwide. During the previous expression-profiling experiment, in addition to major resistant Genes to STB (stb1-15), some defense-related Genes have bean identified. To study expression pattern of the five defense-related Genes including PR-1, Chitinase, Peroxidase, PR-5 and Protease inhibitor, over time, their level of expression were measured at 8 time points, from 0h to 6 days after inoculation in Wangshuibai as a resistant wheat cultivar and Falat as a susceptible one by semi quantitative (RT-PCR). The result showed that, infection of wheat by M. graminicola induced changes in expression of all five Genes in both resistant and susceptible cultivar over time. Expression pattern of these Genes indicated that all of five Genes in resistant cultivar induced earlier than in susceptible cultivare. The RT-PCR analysis confirmed that expression of these Genes in control resistance cultivare are much higher than susceptible cultivar in majority of the times during the 6-days time course. Thus, according this results can be concluded that these Genes, along the main Genes, increase and maintain resistance to Septoria tritici blotch in wheat.

Transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is an important stage in plant’s life.Flowering pathways including photoperiod, vernalization, gibberellins, and autonomous pathway are regulated by different Genes. Identification of flowering Genes is essential for the development of bolting-resistant sugar beet cultivars. In this study, a set of 118 Arabidopsis thalianaGenes involved in flowering time control were used as a reference to identify homologous counterparts in Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) and Transcriptome Shotgun Assembly (TSA) sequence of sugar beet. Based on obtained ESTs, primers were designed for Suppressor of Frigida 4 (SUF4), Curly Leaf (CLF), Constitutive PhotomorphoGenesis1 (COP1), and Cycling Dof Factor (CDF) Genes.SUF4 and CLF are components of vernalization pathway andCOP1 and CDF are in photoperiod pathway.The sequence regions of these Genes were amplified using cDNA PCR technique, and compared with other identified sequences in Gene Bank. Four Genes namelyCLF, COP1, CDFand SUF4 were deposited in Gene Bank. Results showed that most of the flowering pathway Genes inArabidopsis are detectable in sugar beet which can be contributed to the understanding of the genetic control of bolting resistance.

In the depths of winter, water temperatures in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean can sink below zero. That’, s cold enough to freeze many fish, but the conditions don’, t trouble the cod. A protein in its blood and tissues binds to tiny ice crystals and stops them from growing. Where codfish got this talent was a puzzle that evolutionary biologist Helle Tessand Baalsrud wanted to solve. She and her team at the University of Oslo searched the genomes of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and several of its closest relatives, thinking they would track down the cousins of the antifreeze gene. None showed up. Baalsrud, who at the time was a new parent, worried that her lack of sleep was causing her to miss something obvious.

Background: Heart diseases are complex pathophysiologic conditions involving biomarkers. Understanding the mechanisms by which a gene selectively triggers intracellular molecular responses provide insight into the complex processes implicated in heart diseases. The aim of this study was to predict heart diseases associated Genes. Materials and Methods: A number of computational methods have been developed for human gene prioritization. In this study, we used Beegle and KEGG pathway databases and two online services for gene prioritization and analysis of Genes related to heart disease. Results: Over 200 Genes and 5 key signaling pathways related to human heart diseases were found. The processes in which gene mutations trigger a response in cells leading to cardiac conditions involve multiple pathways. Conclusion: The Genes related to heart diseases could be CRP, NPPB, IL-6, ACE2 and GATA4 with high scores and the researchers should find the diagnostic biomarker between them.