Background: Meat products could be sources of enter pathogens. Identification of meat species in different foods could help us in molecular epidemiological studies of pathogens transmitted by meat.Objectives: In this study, we targeted cytochrome b for identification of beef in HANDMADE hamburgers.Patients and Methods: A total of 110 raw HANDMADE hamburgers were collected from different areas of Yazd city, Iran, during spring of 2013. Genomic DNA was extracted using the salting out method. The beef cytochrome b gene was amplified using specific primers. Analysis of the amplicons was done with agarose gel electrophoresis usinga100 base pair (bp) DNA ladder.Results: The results showed that among the 110 HANDMADE hamburger samples, 10 (9.09%) samples did not containany cow meat while 100 samples contained cow meat.Conclusions: We used an appropriate molecular method for controlling raw and processed products. Therefore, this study would be useful for control of correct labeling and protection of consumer’s rights.

Context and purpose. The aim of this study was to find factors affecting the training courses' effectiveness on HANDMADE-carpet cooperatives in Zanjan Province of Iran, the research's type was an applied study in terms of aim and surveying study in terms of data collection. Methodology/approach. Data collection tool was a researcher made questionnaire. The study population included all members of HANDMADE-Carpet cooperative of Zanjan province. The number of all HANDMADE-Carpet cooperatives was 38 including 366 members. Of those members 181 people were selected as the samples through Morgans' sampling table. A proportionate selection method was used to select the fit samples from each cooperative. The validity of the questions was done by experts' views and recommendations. The reliability of the questions was tested through Alpha's test (alpha =0. 874 to 0. 909). Findings and conclusions. After gathering data, SPSS software was used to analyze and describe the data. In descriptive part, both frequency tables and central statistics such as mean, median and mode as well as discrepancy statistics such as standard deviation and coefficient of variation were used. In analytical part, correlation and regression analysis methods and Mann-Whitenny and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. The correlation's results showed that there was a significant relationship between variables attendance into training courses, income's amount from the cooperatives, the level of content relevancy, the level of objectives relevancy, the level of educators' knowledge, the level of training methods relevancy and the the effectiveness of the training courses. In addition, the results of regression analysis by a stepwise method revealed that the variables the level of objectives relevancy, income's amount from the cooperatives, and the level of educators' knowledge were determined 81. 6 percent of dependent variable (the training courses' effectiveness). Originality. Iranian hand-woven carpets have a special place in the economy, now considering the essential role of cooperatives in strengthening Iranian hand-woven carpets, this research examines the important factors affecting the educational effectiveness of these cooperatives.

Background: The value of external fixation in complex hand injuries is well established. Expenses and technical difficulties ofcommercial mini external fixator sets have led to the innovation of HANDMADE external fixators. These fixators are used as versatilefacilities to treat certain hand fractures. Usually, these structures are made by k-wires crossed filled with cement plastic tube. However, these fixators have multiple deficiencies that should be addressed. Objectives: In this study, we described in detail the surgical technique of a HANDMADE concrete like mini external fixator and reportits clinical use and results. Methods: Our HANDMADE external fixator was applied for 52 patients with 56 fractures. Only 5% of the fractures were closed, noncomminutedextra-articular, and the other 51 fractures were more complex injuries. The mean follow up time was 9. 3 months. Atthe end of the follow up, radiologic and functional assessment (DASH: Disability of arm, shoulder and hand and TAM: Total activemotion) was evaluated. Results: All 56 fractures were united completely. None of the cases experienced pin loosening or reduction loss. Of the fractures, 8. 9% malunited due to fracture complexity. The mean dash score was 3. 76. TAM was excellent in 45% of the fractures; it was good in7% and fair in 4%. Conclusions: This type of HANDMADE external fixator is simple, lightweight, and cheap. Furthermore, all implements are readilyavailable in most operating fields. The probability of loosening has been greatly diminished because of the concrete like structure. Easy and fast assembly and good clinical and functional results are the other advantages of this technique. Due to the less complicationand benefits, this technique could be used for many phalangeal and metacarpal fractures with confidence.

Background and Aim: Vascular imaging during surgical procedures is very important and has many applications. There are several methods for intraoperative vascular assessment such as intraoperative angiography, Doppler, and fluorescence-based techniques. The latter group and specially the Indocyanine Green (ICG) Video Angiography (VA) is commonly used for vascular surgery and sentinel node biopsy. However, the cost of these microscope mounted cameras limit their availability in the developing countries. Considering this limitation, we designed and constructed a simplified low-cost camera for real-time ICG angiography. In this article, we describe the device structure and give a preliminary report on its usage in an animal model.Methods and Materials/ Patients: ICG-VA camera was designed and constructed in our laboratory. The device consists of optic filters, light sources, and cameras.Results: After inducing anesthesia and exposing mesenteric vessels in a mouse, ICG-VA of these vessels were taken and recorded.Conclusion: Considering the very low cost of the device and its acceptable image quality, it can be utilized in operation theatres and or laboratories for research purposes.

The Persian carpet has invariably been a means for expression of the beliefs and traditions of various people of this country. Among various plant and animal motifs, the carpets with the motif of the "Talking Tree" which are also known as “vaq vaq”, have replaced the allegorical and symbolic representation of the decorative designs of carpets with anecdotal motifs due to their pictorial characteristics. The present research aims at achieving the visual qualities and concepts of this tree by means of a comparative study among the present works in three civilizations, i.e. Persia, India, and Middle Asia.This research was conducted on the concepts and within the field of pictorial tradition, relying on the remaining records in the culture, literature, and pictorial tradition of the carpets of Persia, India, and Middle Asia. The result obtained indicates that vaq vaq has its roots in the ancient Indo-Iranian culture. It has however adopted different meanings through the separation of the branches of this civilization. From a conceptual perspective, this tree is an image of the tree of knowledge and a picture of Kelileh va Demneh, as wisdom uttered by animals. However, as it enters eastern regions, this conceptual aspect is retained and in northwestern regions of Iran, a part of fertilization rituals and the haven of the residence of spirits create its present shape, due to a connection with the roots of shamanism remained from the Middle Asia. This decorative motif is gradually manifested in various manners since sixth AH/ twelfth AD century, as the Middle Asian tribes enter the homeland of Iran. This research was conducted using descriptive/ analytical approach.

In this study, the effect of branding along with macro variables and market potential of countries on the export of HANDMADE carpets is investigated. The present study is a fundamental one in which a quantitative method has been used. Six hypotheses were defined. The data was collected from 712 countries through 1 ) valid international databases and 7 ) two questionnaires. PLS was used to analyze the collected data. The results indicated that the four cultural, economic, political and branding variables affect export performance, respectively. Finally, it was suggested that to be present in the markets direct exporters prioritize the variables and indicators of the final model according to their coefficients and to participate more actively in the policy-making discussions of cooperatives and associations. Also maintain or improve the brand of Iran and Irainian carpet in other countries by providing quality carpets in terms of gender, texture density, design and color.

In recent years, Turkmen carpet as an important source of Turkmen families’ income, faced with different challenges. This study aimed to identify Turkmen carpet production deterrents from viewpoint of rural women weavers, in Gonbad Kavoos County, based on descriptive and survey research method. The target population in the study consisted all of women weavers in Aqabad rural district in centeral district of Gonbad Kavoos County in Golestan province (N=120). Using random sampling, 95 of them were selected as research samples. Data gathered through a questionnaire and its validity was confirmed by expert’s panel. The reliability analysis was conducted with Cronbach’s alpha method and coefficient was 0.84. The factor analysis results showed about 66/326% of the variance of carpet production inhibitors can explain with ten factors: policy and operational, individual, cultural, supportive, legal and personal health, marketing, technical and motivational, economical, price and institutional and occupational health, respectively.

The troglodytic architecture complex in Arzanfoud is located 30 km to the southeast ofthe city of Hamadan and 2 km to the south of village of Arzanfoud. This complex includethe discovery of more than 70 carved spaces, including interrelated rooms and halls invarious depths of 3 to 7 m under the ground level. In different spaces, various architecturalelements were recorded. These elements include overtures and entrances, platform lampholders, hooks, niches and water tubes in the walls. Sometimes the small niches on thewalls are related to the water system. Beside these features, other water managementfeatures such as many wells and connecting canals were also discovered. That is whysuch questions raised in this regard, that include the formation of Architecture troglodyticunderground water resources what role has Arzanfoud? According to the evidence andarchitectural elements related to the water Arzanfoud collection of pre-designed samplecan be considered? Evidence suggests the existence of a permanent river with a veryimportant factor in the formation of architecture is Arzanfoud troglodytic. This interrelatedcanal and well system facilitated the water flow through the whole structure. It seems thatthe water from the nearby river was directed to the structure and was distributed amongits various spaces. The evidence suggests that water accessibility had a major role inthe existence and function of this troglodytic architectural complex and that the watermanagement system and the buildings were constructed based on a preplanned design.

The purpose of this study is to design a strategic model for international marketing of Iranian HANDMADE carpets-a combined approach. The present study, in terms of its basic applied purpose, in terms of nature, survey research and in terms of paradigm, combined-exploratory research, sampling in the qualitative part of the research was done purposefully and in the quantitative part was done by simple random sampling. In the qualitative stage with 12 experts, who were mainly academic experts in the field of international marketing and senior managers of companies exporting Iranian HANDMADE carpets, the interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, and the sample of the quantitative section consisted of 196 people selected according to the Cochran's formula and the research tool in the qualitative section has been identified using the exploratory method of strategic components of international marketing of Iranian HANDMADE carpets and the factors affecting it and in a small part it was evaluated through descriptive-survey research. The sampling method in the qualitative part was purposeful and in the quantitative part was simple random. The research tool in the qualitative part of exploratory interview was semi-structured and in a small part, for the strategic evaluation of international marketing of Iranian HANDMADE carpets, a researcher-made questionnaire was used, which was designed based on the themes obtained in the qualitative stage. In the qualitative part, the analysis of the interviews was performed using the content analysis method. The validity and reliability of the components were examined and Cronbach's alpha of all the above components was 0. 7 and during it,the most important basic, organizing and comprehensive themes on the components of the factors affecting the international marketing strategy of Iranian HANDMADE carpets were assessed. Quantitatively, through structural equation methods, the accuracy of the research model was confirmed and it turned out that the selection of concepts, dimensions and indicators had a high accuracy in the HANDMADE carpet industry and it can provide a suitable framework for compiling a vision document for the HANDMADE carpet industry.

Purpose: As the HANDMADE carpet industry has attracted many people, it can be an important factor in creating permanent and seasonal employment for the community. The challenges of the HANDMADE carpet industry, such as poor quality of raw materials, worn-out technology, weak design and marketing, exit of labor from industry, training and competitive market space require attention to the future. This study aimed to identify the plausible scenarios of HANDMADE carpet industry. Method: In this study, using Global Business Network and Dematel technique, we first identify key factors affecting the Iranian HANDMADE carpet industry, and then develop future scenarios for this industry. Initial data were collected through interviews with managers and experts in HANDMADE carpet industry (21 persons) and literature review. These data were analyzed using expert questionnaire and Dematel technique. Findings: According to the results of the GBN, the final key factors are: boom or recession in consumer countries, monetary and exchange rate policies, government support facilities, foreign sanctions, marketing, use of advanced technology in raw materials production, The boom or recession in Iran, export support method and the organizing approach of supply chain stages. According to the results of the Dematel technique, the key factor of foreign sanctions has been the most influential among the key factors. Also, the way of organizing the supply chain stages has affected more than all. Conclusion: Based on these two key factors, four scenarios of Rhino, Sham Market, Rabbit Sleep and Persian Cheetah are presented for the Iranian HANDMADE carpet industry. The present study will be used by private sector actors, government actors, investors and policy makers and local decision makers.