Background: A pilonidal sinus is a common disease that usually occurs in the natal cleft in the sacrococcygeal region. Many conservative and surgical treatment methods are available. Malignancy is rarely detected,therefore, a routine HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION is controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the pathology results of patients who underwent sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus excision in our clinic. Methods: The records of patients who underwent pilonidal sinus excision at Istanbul Sultanbeyli State Hospital between January 2016 and October 2021 were reviewed retrospectively. The following parameters were evaluated: age, gender, location of disease, and HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION outcome. Results: During the study period, 2, 091 patients underwent surgery for pilonidal sinus disease at our general surgery clinic. The data of 2, 068 patients were analyzed after excluding 23 patients who underwent excision for disease outside the sacrococcygeal region or had missing data. The age of the patients ranged from 13 to 72, with a female-to-male ratio of 535: 1533. The mean age was 24. 7±, 8. 2 years. Pilonidal sinus specimen pathologies excised from the sacrococcygeal region were examined, and no malignancies were detected. Conclusion: Routine HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION of pilonidal sinus specimens may be unnecessary if there are no risk factors such as atypical presentation and appearance, relapse, long-term disease, and advanced age.

Background and Objectives: Tonsils are lymphoid tissues that can be affected in various diseases. In some cases, it is necessary to remove tonsils through surgery. Although the diseases are often diagnosed by history taking and physical EXAMINATION that proceeds with surgery, histologic EXAMINATION is necessary for confirmed diagnosis of malignancy. Considering the low prevalence of tonsil cancer, this study was performed to clinically examine tonsils for malignancies and evaluate the necessity of HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 2, 232 patients (aged 2-80 years) who had undergone tonsillectomy for various reasons in the city of Gorgan from 2001 to 2012. Medical history was obtained and physical EXAMINATION was carried out before surgery. All the samples were sent to the laboratory for HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION. Finally, the collected data was analyzed. Results: Only one case of lymphoma was found among the 2, 232 patients investigated in this study. This 80-year-old woman with preoperative cervical lymphadenopathy and unilateral tonsillar enlargement went under tonsillectomy for confirmed diagnosis. Conclusion: Considering the high frequency of tonsillectomy and the low possibility of malignancy, and the fact that malignancy is often seen in individuals with obvious clinical presentations such as in our case, it is recommended to limit referral of specimens for histological EXAMINATION to highly suspicious cases through more rational decision-making and summarization of other findings.

Introduction: Fibrous dysplasia is a developmental bone disease that is characterized by replacement of normal bone with fibrous tissue.Case Presentation: A 58-year-old man came to the Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Department, Hamadan College of Dentistry, with swelling on the left side of the maxilla. The lesion was diagnosed to be fibrous dysplasia of the maxilla with involvement of the maxillary sinus, based on the radiographic and histopathologic features.Conclusions: Some radiographic features, such as a ground glass appearance and reduction in antrum size while keeping the original shape, are characterizations of fibrous dysplasia.

Introduction: The importance of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) for diagnosis of pulmonary diseases is well known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the indications of 500 FFBs performed in Imam Reza hospital, Mashhad, Iran as well as EXAMINATION of the HISTOPATHOLOGICAL and radiological findings. Material and Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of the medical records and chest radiologic EXAMINATIONs of 500 patients who had undergone FFB using Olympus BFP20 instrument by local anesthesia in, Mashhad, Iran. The indications for procedures, demographic data, and clinical symptoms were recorded and analyzed in addition to radiological and HISTOPATHOLOGICAL findings. Results: The most common indication for FFB was found to be bronchogenic carcinoma (n=20), followed by tuberculosis (TB; n=16), sarcoidosis (n=2), and hydatid cyst (n=2). A total of 70 anthracosis cases were reported to be accompanied with other pulmonary disorders and findings such as chronic granulomatous bronchitis suspicious of TB (n=16), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; n=5), non-specific macrophage cells in cytology (n=19), anthracotic pigment with no risk of lung cancer (n=20), anthracofibrosis (n=4), severe anthracotic pigment with undetectable mucus layer (n=2), anthracotic pigment with non-specific inflammation (n=1), mild squamous metaplasia (n=1), and chronic bronchitis with mild squamous metaplasia (n=2). Lung cancer showed higher frequency in women and patients in the sixth and seventh decades of their lives and was associated with smoking. It is worthy to note that SCC was the most prevalent cancer among the smokers. Twenty cases were diagnosed as bronchogenic carcinoma by clinical findings, eighteen of which also being confirmed by the histological EXAMINATIONs. Moreover, two cases of sarcoidosis diagnosis using FFB were approved by biopsy. Out of 297 bronchial biopsies, the most common indication for FFB were airway collapse and unknown pulmonary opacity. Conclusion: Considering the important role of FFB in the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases, especially cancers, it seems that various diagnostic measures should be taken into consideration before disease progression. According to our evaluations, patient screening by the family physicians is recommended for the patients with cancer or TB as the two most prevalent diseases in our study.

In an effort to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of T. polium, the crude extract was administered orally to a group of Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats for 6 consecutive weeks. Significant decrease in blood glucose by 64%, total bilirubin by 35%, glutamate oxaloacetate transferase by 48% and glutamate pyruvate transferase by 30% was observed compared to untreated diabetic rats. However, the blood insulin level was enhanced by almost 160%. The insulinotropic property of the T. polium crude extract was further assessed by an in vitro investigation using isolated rat islets. Our data indicated that T. polium crude extract is capable of enhancing insulin secretion by almost 135% after one dose of treatment at high glucose concentration. Meanwhile, without affecting the time pattern of insulin secretion by the islets, the plant extract seems to be capable of regenerating the islets of langerhans in the treated compared to the untreated diabetic rats. These data clearly provide a mechanistic view concerning the hypoglycemic effect of T. polium extract through its significant effect on the pancreas.

Background: Nicotine is the chief addictive substance in cigarette smoking which conceder as the main cause of mortality worldwide. Aims: Through the current in vivo  study,   we  tried  to  evaluate  the harmful effect of nicotine injection on the lungs of mice. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 healthy  male  mice  were  divided  into  four  groups  of  10  mice  each,   injected  subcutaneously  with  0. 1  ml  of  (1  mg/kg)  nicotine  for  5  days  a  week  for  (8,   12,   and  16)  weeks,   whereas  the  control  group  injected  with  0. 1  ml  of  normal  saline.   The  mice  were  sacrificed,   lungs  were  isolated  and  divided  into  two  parts,   the  first  for  measurement  malondialdehyde  (MDA)  and  glutathione  (GSH),   the  second  was subjected to HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION. Results: The results showed that the levels of MDA were  significantly  elevated  (P  ≤   0. 01)  in  all  work  groups  and  the  mice  of  Group  D  had  the  highest  MDA  value  (23. 13  ±   3. 4  nmol/ml)  with  statistically  significant  difference  (P  ≤   0. 01),   and  GSH  levels  were  significantly  decreased  (P  <  0. 01)  in  all  workgroups,   the  Group  D  had  the  lowest  value  (6. 77  ±   1. 33  mM/ml)  with  statistically  significant  difference  (P  ≤   0. 01),   also  the  results  clarified  that  nicotine injection was caused a pathological effect in mice lung tissues such as alveoli damage and emphysema,   congestion  of  blood  vessels,   hemorrhage,   alveolar  edema,   lung  fibrosis,   lymphocytes  infiltration,   and  these  effects  were  graded  in  terms  of  severity  depending  on  the  injection  period  of  nicotine. Conclusion:   It  can  be  concluded  that  the  nicotine  injection  causes  significant  changes  in  lung  tissues  and  oxidant  markers  levels  (MDA  and  GSH).