Potomac HORSE Fever (PHF) is an acute enterocolitis syndrome causing mild colic, fever and diarrhea in all life stages in HORSEs. It is also responsible for abortion in pregnant mares. The agent of PHF was diagnosed as Neorickettsia risticii. PHF was first diagnosed as a livestock disease, by veterinarians in Maryland State of USA in HORSEs living around Potomac River. Since, most of the cases of disease were recorded in July, August and September, then it was regarded as a seasonal disease. Later studies revealed that a trematode vector takes the role as a vector for transmission. Routine cell culture and PCR were used for clinical diagnosis of the PHF. Using indirect fluorescent antibody tests revealed positive cases in most places of Canada and America, which regarded as former contacts with the agent of disease. Neorickettsia risticii could not be seen in monocyte in prepared blood smears from clinical cases of HORSEs and this is contrary to Anaplasma phagocytophilum which very easily seen in granulocytes of blood in infected HORSEs. Neorickettsia risticii has been isolated from released trematodes from fresh water snails. PHF is not a contagious disease and infected HORSEs could be kept near susceptible HORSEs. PHF is not regarded as a zoonosis. It is concluded that related veterinarians to HORSE industry in Iran should be informed about the possible occurrence of disease.

Mutannabi the well-known Arab poet has dedicated many lines of his poetry to describing animals directly or indirectly. Among the animals to which Mutanabbi has paid attention the HORSE has a very special status. Most of the lines in which he has in some way described HORSEs or HORSE riders are the lines about fights and battles in which the poet depicts the victories and bravery of the courageous fighters.He has rarely illustrated HORSEs' other uses such as hunting, pleasure or transportation. The present article tries to review and evaluate the descriptions of the terms HORSE and HORSE rider provided frequently by Mutanabbi in his works.

In this study blood samples from 50 Kurd HORSEs were obtained. For determining of chromosome compelements blood samples were used for metaphasic preparation by useing short term culture method. Provided chromosomes were studied by simple Gimsa staining and G-banding method and C-banding. In this study the diploid model of Kurd HORSE was 2n=64 and from the 31 pairs of autosomal chromosomes, 8 pairs were metacentric, 5 pairs were submetacentric and 18pairs were telocentric. Chromosomal spreads were photographed and karyotyped. The X sex chromosome was submetacentric and the Y sex chromosome was telocentric.

Many people believe that language teaching is a neutral practice. However, this belief is not without its own opponents. To many scholars, teaching languages cannot be devoid of teaching cultural values of the target language, which tacitly aims at denigrating cultural values of the community of the learners who are learning it. The ultimate purpose of such cultural oppression, according to these scholars, is to provide the owners of the target language with a means to establish their supremacy and maintain a hegemonic control over other cultures. This article tries to present the arguments that scholars provide against the common belief that holds ELT as a neutral and unbiased profession. The article also tries to provide practical guidelines for ELT practitioners to help them uncover the hidden tenets that govern the ELT profession in today’s world.

For many years, the use of laser energy sources has been a highly advocated technique in equine upper respiratory surgery, yet has remained beyond the use of the vast majority of general practitioners. Previous limitations have included cost, but also the requirement for special training and the large size of equipment restricting their value to most veterinarians. The development of gallium aluminium arsenide (GaAlAs) diode lasers has resulted in small portable units which are steadily becoming more affordable as these instruments are more widely adopted. Laser surgical techniques are more commonly replacing traditional surgical methods. Advantages include avoidance of the risks associated with general anaesthesia, reduced surgical morbidity and rapid post-operative recovery. In addition, laser surgery presents a method of accurate surgical dissection with inherent haemostasis minimising the risk of intra-operative bleeding.

A biochemical survey was conducted to provide a reference value for blood serum total protein and its different fractions of caspian miniature HORSEs, and comparing with those of Iranian arab HORSE. All animals were devided into 4 age related groups. Group 1,0-36 months old, group 2,37-72 months old, group 3, 73-108 months old and group 4, over 109 months old. Comprehensive statistical studies were based on results considering the age, sex and breed. The values of total protein, total globulin and fractions of alfa 2 and beta 2 globulin were higher in caspian HORSE than in Iranian arab HORSE, but albumin and albumin/globulin ratio (A/G) were higher in arab HORSE. Those significant differences were found between the mares of two breeds except for total protein and alfa 2 globulin. In stallions of both breeds, there are differences in the values of alfa 2, beta 2 and the ratio of A/G No sex related differences were observed in amount of total protein and is fractions between males and females of each breed. Age related differences were found as decrease in albumin and increase in gamma globulin with aging of both breeds.

Peptic ulcer is a very common disorder in HORSE race and foals. In the present research possible relationship between gastric ulcer and the prevalence of cardiac arrhythmia were studied in two different HORSE race. In this respect, 13 Caspian miniature HORSEs and 8 Arab HORSEs were studied. Gastric ulcers and cardiac arrhythmias were diagnosed in 13 HORSEs (62%) and 12 (57%) out of 211 HORSEs, respectively. The observed cardiac arrhythmias were sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, sinus arrhythmia, second degree AV block and SA block. There was no significant relationship between gastric ulcer and cardiac arrhythmia in general and between gastric ulcer and each kind of arrhythmia (p>0.005). Serum calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium and inorganic phosphorous concentrations were measured in the HORSEs. No significant correlation was seen between serum electrolyte and gastric ulcer or cardiac arrhythmia. Despite lack of significant correlation between cardiac arrhythmia and gastric ulcer, more occarence for some kinds of arrhythmia in affected HORSEs with gastric ulcer was very interesting and need to be further investigated in future.